荣昌地区不同鸭茅种质资源锈病抗性研究

[目的]筛选抗锈病较好的鸭茅(Dactlis glomerata L.)品种。[方法]从越夏率、植株发病率、感病严重度、病情指数4个方面对荣昌校区6份鸭茅种质资源进行了锈病的病情调查及抗病性研究。[结果]所有鸭茅品系在荣昌地区均能顺利越夏;02123和79-9品种相对抗病,可作为育种材料进一步研究。[结论]为鸭茅抗锈病品种的选育提供了理论依据。     

十三年小麦品种抗叶锈性鉴定工作进展(1973—1986)

本文是十三年来小麦品种抗叶锈性鉴定工作的系统总结。十三年来在温室和田间共测定了小麦材料6798份(次),鉴定出一批抗叶锈病的中间材料和抗源,为培育和推广抗锈良种提供了抗锈材料,并提出应压缩种植面积的感病品种,和不应采用的感病材料,对生产和抗病育种有积极的指导意义。在理论和方法上指出了测定品种抗锈性时应有群体观念,应研究品种与锈菌群体的关系。提出了生态类群概念和指出测定抗锈性时应注意在不同生态条件下形成的锈菌的群体毒性可能不同。此外还提出不仅研究个体品种的抗锈性,还应研究几个品种的联合抗病性等,为提高抗病育种的功效,提供了理论依据和新的工作方法。     

小麦抗源南农790成株期抗条锈性遗传分析与分子作图

为明确小麦抗锈种质南农790条锈病抗性特征和抗病遗传规律,以5个条锈菌生理小种CYR23、CYR29、CYR31、CYR32和CYR33对其进行苗期抗谱鉴定,并以CYR32和CYR33混合小种对南农790、Avocet S及南农790与Avocet S正交所获得的F1代、F2代和F2∶3群体进行混合小种成株期抗条锈性鉴定及遗传分析。抗病鉴定结果显示,南农790苗期对CYR32和CYR33表现为中度感病(IT:6~7),对其余小种表现为抗病(IT≤2),成株期对混合小种表现为近免疫(IT≤2,S≤5%),表明南农790具有成株期抗条锈性;各世代抗病遗传分析结果表明,其成株期抗病性由一个显性单基因控制,暂命名为YrNan;采用集群分离分析法(BSA),以SSR分子标记对F2代分离群体进行分子作图,发现了6个与YrNan连锁的SSR标记(Xgwm11,Xbarc187,Xbarc181,Xgwm273,Xwmc419和Xwmc216),并将其定位于小麦的1BL染色体,两侧最近的标记分别为Xbarc181(1.3cM)和Xgwm273(6.3cM)。研究结果为南农790抗条锈病基因的分子标记辅助选择及在育种上的应用提供了依据。     

Chemical control of faba bean rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae)

The effectiveness of eleven foliar-applied fungicides on faba bean rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae (Pers.) J. Schröt.) and on the seed yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) were studied in growth chambers and in the field in Spain. Fungicides were tested at recommended and reduced rates. All the fungicides tested provided very effective preventive control in the growth chamber studies. Triazoles (difenoconazol, epoxiconazol, tebuconazol) and their mixtures with benzimidazoles (carbendazim-flutriafol and carbendazim-flusilazole) provided the most effective curative effect, even at 25% of recommended concentrations. They were followed by dithiocarbamates, copper dithiocarbamate mixture, carboxamide and chlorothalonil. Triazoles, benzimidazole-triazole mixtures and carboxamide maintained their effect until 15 days after fungicide application.Under field conditions, rust infection caused 22-26% yield reduction. All fungicides except mancozeb caused a significant decrease in disease severity under field conditions, but only treatments with triazoles and benzimidazole-triazole mixtures provided significant yield increases (22.7-15.6%) when applied twice. Three applications of oxycarbosin or copper-mancozeb were needed to provide a significant yield increase. Dithiocarbamates (thiram, maneb or mancozeb) or chlorothalonil reduced rust severity but did not provide a significant yield increase.     

小麦新抗源抗锈性评价和SSR位点遗传多样性

为了解小麦条锈病新抗源兴资9104、品冬34、秦农142、彬旱355的抗病性及遗传基础,对其苗期和成株期分别进行抗条锈性鉴定,并以小麦全基因组SSR标记为工具分析了新抗源与四个感病材料(Avocet S、铭贤169、790-149-34、中国春)间的遗传多样性。结果表明,兴资9104、品冬34、秦农142、彬旱355对当前条锈病流行小种具有全生育期或成株期抗性; 在975个SSR多态性位点共有3 390个等位性变异,每个位点平均等位变异3.48;全基因组和A、B、D基因组范围聚类结果基本一致,8个材料可分成三类,其中品冬34遗传背景与其他材料差异较大;随机抽取部分标记进行标记数量累加聚类,标记数量愈多,聚类结果愈稳定可靠。     

Disease Tolerance in Helianthus petiolaris : A Genetic Resource for Sunflower Breeding

Abstract

Argentina is a major sunflower producer in the world, with crop acreage of 2?2.7 million ha in the last four years. Sunflower crop yield is often influenced by sanitary constraints, mainly fungal pathogens. Helianthus petiolaris is a wild species native to North America established in central Argentina displays a high tolerance to a number of fungal diseases and insects. Controlled crosses of this species with sunflower demonstrated that H. petiolaris constitutes a valuable genetic variability source for sunflower breeding to improve tolerance to rust (Puccinia helianthi), white rust (Albugo tragopogonis), verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae), powdery mildew (Erisiphe sp.) and the sunflower moth (Rachiplusia nu). This places H. petiolaris in an outstanding position as a genetic resource since different important traits could be transferred to the crop through interspecific hybridization.     

普通型玉米锈病菌孢子飞散、传播及空间分布研究

对吉林省普通型玉米锈病菌孢子飞散、传播及空间分布进行了研究。结果表明：锈菌夏孢子白天飞散数量略多于夜间;小雨天捕获的孢子数量可比晴天多2倍左右。空中孢子密度随高度的增加而递减,高度(x)和孢子数量(y)的关系可用指数方程y=19.24exp(-0.027 89x)描述。在锈病的近程传播中,距菌源区距离(d_i)和锈病的发病程度(x_i)的关系呈S型曲线,顺风向传播梯度可用X_i=505.27exp(-0.058 3d_i)描述;侧风向传播梯度可用X_i=988.32exp(-0.115 9d_i)描述。在菌源较多情况下,玉米锈病在1个月时间内顺风向传播距离大约为90～100 m;侧风向传播距离为50～60 m。玉米生育后期锈病在田间的分布呈聚集分布。     

花生种质资源抗花生锈病初步鉴定

本文总结了“六五”和“七五”期间,对4000多份花生种质资源抗锈性的鉴定结果。国内资源2508份,表现高抗和中抗的分别为21份和237份;国外资源1644份,表现高抗和中抗的分别为234和188份。不同类型的品种以及不同地区来源的花生品种,其抗性表现不同,即使是同一品种,在不同国家和地区,其抗性表现也不完全一致,本试验还从珍珠豆型花生品种中鉴定出抗锈资源,并首次对龙生型花生进行抗锈性鉴定。     

Cloning and characterization of gene-resistant analogs (RGAs) involved in rust (Puccinia psidii) resistance in Eucalyptus grandis

Disease-resistant genes play an important role in defending against a variety of pathogens and insect pests in plants. Most of the disease-resistant genes encode pro-teins with conserved leucine rich r...     

我国小麦条锈病防治研究的进展

本文概括了以下四个方面的进展：⑴揭示了我国小麦条锈病菌的越夏、越冬和春季流行规律,提出一套行之有效的测报方法,提供了重大的防锈原则和综合治理方案。⑵研究出一套适合我国应用的小麦条锈菌生理小种鉴别寄主,查明了小种逐年变化动态及其与品种抗性丧失的原因,大大提高了抗条锈育种和品种利用的针对性和预见性。⑶全国鉴定抗条锈性或感的材料约300000份。成株混合菌种鉴定法发展为多小种分别鉴定法和多抗性鉴定法,开拓了品种抗性资源。⑷敌锈纳等在60–70年代防治条锈病起了显著作用;用粉锈宁拌种1次控制条锈病流行的技术已在大面积上推广。文内还讨论了今后如何加强小麦条锈病防治规划和基础研究,藉以提高综合治理水平。