棉花主要栽培生理参数的高光谱估测研究

 应用地物光谱仪获取近地高光谱遥感数据 ,用高光谱技术提取和估计棉花主要栽培生理参数。结果表明 ,棉花叶片具有绿色植物典型的反射光谱曲线特征 ;早衰的棉花反射光谱红谷区谷低变浅 ,最小波段光谱反射率Ro及数值积分面积SRo增大 ,与叶片光合速率呈显著负相关。经逐步回归分析 ,确定的一阶微分光谱值与棉叶叶绿素浓度的最大相关系数是 0 .734 4 (n =2 1) ,发生在 75 0nm波段处 ;群体叶面积指数 (LAI)与归一化差值植被指数 (ND VI)呈很好的对数相关关系 ;红边、蓝边、黄边每边的积分面积积累了多波段信息 ,在估测棉花冠层叶片全氮含量中有较大的应用潜力。研究建立了棉花主要栽培生理参数叶绿素含量、LAI和冠层叶片全氮含量等的遥感估测统计模型。     

小麦叠加叶片的叶绿素含量光谱反演研究

为了给田间冠层水平叶绿素含量高光谱反演研究提供参考,研究了小麦单层及叠加叶片不同波长光谱反射率及几种常用植被指数对叶绿素含量的响应特征。结果表明,可见光波段的绿光到红光波段范围内叶片光谱反射率与叶绿素含量存在良好的相关关系,其中在绿光反射峰550 nm附近和红边区域的705 nm附近反射率都可以用来预测叶绿素含量。红谷吸收表现为随叶绿素含量提高而蓝移的特征。常用植被指数NDVI在本研究中对小麦叶片的叶绿素含量的监测效果并不理想。SR705虽然与单层叶片叶绿素含量相关性较好,但是对叠加多层叶片的叶绿素含量反演效果不好。光谱参数中TCARI对单层叶片和不同叠加层数的叶片均有最好的预测能力,因此可以利用TCARI监测小麦叶绿素含量,进而用于评价其光合特性。     

小麦叶片叶绿素荧光参数与反射光谱特征的关系

以宁麦9号(低蛋白质含量)、淮麦20(中蛋白质含量)和豫麦34(高蛋白质含量)为试材,设0~300 kg hm^-2不同施氮水平,经2003—2004年和2004—2005年田间试验,对小麦顶部4张叶片叶绿素荧光参数和反射光谱特征的变化规律及其相互关系进行了分析。结果表明,小麦叶片叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o随施氮水平提高呈上升趋势,同时叶片光谱反射率在不同施氮水平、叶位和生育期均有明显差异。小麦植株顶1叶和顶2叶反射光谱在可见光区（520~680 nm）和近红外区（750~850 nm）与叶绿素荧光参数稳定相关。顶端2张叶片的植被指数DVI(750, 550)、DVI(735, 690)和TVI(750, 670, 550)与荧光参数F_o、F_m、F_v、F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、F_s、F_m’、F_o’、F_v’、F_v’/F_m’的相关性均较好,其中DVI(750, 550)的相关性最好,且回归系数在不同品种和不同生育期之间没有显著差异。表明利用小麦叶片反射光谱监测其叶绿素荧光参数是可行的。     

Prospects and results for optical systems for site-specific on-the-go control of nitrogen-top-dressing in Germany

Signals for site-specific nitrogen-top-dressing can be obtained by a sensor mounted on a tractor. The plant appearance can serve as a criterion. The question is which plant criteria provide pertinent information and how this can be indicated. Increasing the nitrogen-supply changes leaf colour from yellow-green to blue-green via the chlorophyll-concentration in the leaves and leads to growth of plants. Present sensing systems measure either chlorophyll concentration in the leaves, total area of the leaves or crop resistance against bending. The aim and purpose of this study is to outline prospects for application. Therefore, the emphasis is on results and not on experimental methods, to which references are given. Mainly optical sensing systems relying on reflectance or fluorescence are dealt with. Good signals of the nitrogen-supply can be obtained from the red edge plus the near infrared range of the reflectance. The results with some new spectral indices were better than those with standard spectral indices. Fluorescence sensing instead of reflectance sensing eliminates erroneous signals from bare soil. However, only low supply rates were clearly indicated. The biomass of the crop or the total area of its leaves is a very important criterion. Reflectance indices can take this into account. Fluorescence signals are barely influenced by this parameter.     

玉米和大豆LAI高光谱遥感估算模型研究

以ASD FieldSpec光谱仪实测了不同生长季的大田玉米、大豆的冠层高光谱与作物的叶面积指数LAI。采用单变量线性与非线性拟合和逐步回归分析的方式,建立了玉米、大豆LAI高光谱遥感估算模型,并对模型的估算结果进行了初步分析。分析结果表明,绿光波段反射峰区、红光波段以及近红外区的单波段反射率与作物的LAI有较强的相关性,而其他波段的反射率与作物的LAI的相关性相对较弱;以高光谱的窄波段构造的NDVI和RVI与作物的LAI的相关程度高,回归模型的预测水平高;而以多波段逐步回归方式构造的统计模型的预测效果最好。     

Impact of Residual Soil Nitrate on In-Season Nitrogen Applications to Irrigated Corn Based on Remotely Sensed Assessments of Crop Nitrogen Status

Spatial and temporal variability of soil nitrogen (N) supply together with temporal variability of plant N demand make conventional N management difficult. This study was conducted to determine the impact of residual soil nitrate-N (NO₃-N) on ground-based remote sensing management of in-season N fertilizer applications for commercial center-pivot irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) in northeast Colorado. Wedge-shaped areas were established to facilitate fertigation with the center pivot in two areas of the field that had significantly different amounts of residual soil NO₃-N in the soil profile. One in-season fertigation (48 kg N ha⁻¹) was required in the Bijou loamy sand soil with high residual NO₃-N versus three in-season fertigations totaling 102 kg N ha⁻¹ in the Valentine fine sand soil with low residual NO₃-N. The farmer applied five fertigations to the field between the wedges for a total in-season N application of 214 kg N ha⁻¹. Nitrogen input was reduced by 78% and 52%, respectively, in these two areas compared to the farmer’s traditional practice without any reductions in corn yield. The ground-based remote sensing management of in-season applied N increased N use efficiency and significantly reduced residual soil NO₃-N (0–1.5 m depth) in the loamy sand soil area. Applying fertilizer N as needed by the crop and where needed in a field may reduce N inputs compared to traditional farmer accepted practices and improve in-season N management.     

土壤铁氧化物与腐殖质的交叉染色效应研究

土壤颜色是土壤分类、气候重建和环境遥感的重要指标。铁氧化物和腐殖质是土壤的两大致色组分,主导了土壤可见光波段的光谱响应特征。基于土壤中铁氧化物和腐殖质交叉致色效应不明确的问题,以高岭石(Kao)为基底,选取典型铁氧化物赤铁矿(Hm)和针铁矿(Gt)以及典型腐殖酸胡敏酸(Ha)和富里酸(Fa),基于高分辨率漫反射光谱方法(DRS),系统探讨了不同含量单一致色组分的光谱特征、颜色指数及其二元交叉干扰效应。结果表明,就单一组分的致色效应而言,红色Hm强于黄色Gt,黑色Ha强于棕色Fa;腐殖质加入对铁氧化物致色有明显影响,通常会使可见光波段平均反射率、明度(V)和彩度(C)降低,色调(H)偏黄,但Hm抗干扰能力大于Gt。Lab颜色系统的a^*、b^*以及DRS的红度(Red%)与黄度(Yellow%)对Hm和Gt含量变化敏感,可作为土壤铁氧化物定量反演的指标,但Ha的加入可导致Hm和Gt估值偏低,Fa对估值的影响较小,干扰形式与Hm和Gt的含量范围有关。基于此,本文给出不同腐殖酸含量条件下土壤Hm和Gt的估算公式,为理解土壤的颜色变化及铁氧化物定量提供重...     

付里叶变换近红外漫反射光谱分析仪器参数的确定

研究了FTNIRDRSA对FT光谱仪能量与分辩率的要求,也讨论了用于FTNIRDRSA的主要仪器参数(包括每个样品的扫描次数,动镜移动速度,每个光谱图的数据点与变换点数目,文件尺寸等)。     

Estimating Rice Leaf Greenness (SPAD) Using Fixed-Point Continuous Observations of Visible Red and Near Infrared Narrow-Band Digital Images

Abstract

A narrow-band dual camera system demonstrated a new close-range sensing technique to seasonally track trends in leaf greenness in rice paddies. A weatherproof digital imaging system for the visible red (RED, 620?650 nm) and near infrared band (NIR, 820?900 nm) was positioned 12 m above a 600-m² rice field. During the 2009 and 2010 paddyrice seasons, the system automatically logged images at 10-min intervals throughout the day. Radiometric corrections for the images utilized solar irradiance sensors and prior calibration to calculate 0900-1500 JST daily-averaged reflectance factors (DARF). The DARF in RED (DARF-RED) and NIR (DARF-NIR) values were transformed to provide a daily-averaged normalizeddifference vegetation index (DA-NDVI). The DA-NDVI increased more rapidly in the vegetative growth period, and reached an asymptotic plateau earlier than the DARF-NIR. From transplanting to harvest, leaf greenness values (measured by the SPAD index) were measured for the central part of the uppermost leaves of targeted canopies weekly with a chlorophyll meter. We developed a leaf greenness index (LGI), the ratio of DA-NDVI to DARF-NIR, and a simple calculation method for area means to reduce the background effect. The modified area means of LGI followed the seasonal trend in SPAD value well; its patternwas inherently different from the patterns of any of the original three parameters: DARF-RED, DARF-NIR or DA-NDVI. Throughout the paddy seasons in the two years, a regression equation for estimating SPAD values using the LGI, daily solar radiation, the cosine of angle between the view and the meridian directions and the cosine of culmination solar zenith angle performed favorably (R²=0.815). The nitrogen concentration per dry plant hill (g kg-¹) had a close relation to the SPAD values estimated using the equation.