我国蓝色粮仓科技创新的发展思路与实施途径

蓝色粮仓建设对保障食物安全、推动经济发展、催生新兴产业、彰显国家权益、改善生态环境以及突破产业瓶颈具有重要意义。在当前科技和产业背景下,如何卓有成效地构建蓝色粮仓已成为社会各界关注的热点。本文明确了蓝色粮仓的概念和特点,分析了蓝色粮仓构建的必要性和可行性,提出了实现渔业产业由大国向强国跨越以及提升科技创新和产业发展能力的总体目标,从聚焦重大需求、构建科技创新链,坚持原创驱动、突破重大科学问题,强化集成示范、支撑产业健康持续发展等方面论述了实施途径,即按照基础研究、重大共性关键技术、典型应用示范全链条布局的要求,坚持生态优先谋划,陆海统筹布局,针对种质创制、健康养殖、资源养护、友好捕捞、流通加工五大产业类型需求,实施良种引领、空间拓展、技术升级、产业示范四大行动,建立智慧养殖、智能捕捞、绿色加工三大体系,满足优质蛋白供给和产业转型升级两大需求,最终构建中国特色的蓝色粮仓。     

浅海筏式养殖系统贝类养殖容量研究进展

据报道,以世界人均耕地计,中国人口以４亿为合适,按人均粮食５００ｋｇ／年计,中国人口以６亿为适度,按水资源来估算中国适度人口可为７亿。综合起来考虑,中国理想人口数量应在６．５亿左右［刘大椿等１９９５］,而我国实际人口已远远超过此数。很显然,只依靠耕地...     

The effect of various nitrogen fertilization and foliar nutrition regimes on the concentrations of nitrates,ammonium ions,dry matter and N-total in carrot (Daucus carota L.) roots

Two field experiments (Experiment I in 2003–2005 and Experiment II in 2004–2005) with carrot c.v. ‘Kazan F₁’ were conducted at Trzciana village (50°06′N, 21°85′E). The experiments were arranged in a split-plot design with four replications. Two sub-blocks were identified in both experiments: I, without foliar nutrition; II, receiving plant foliar nutrition. The plants were sprayed three times alternately with: 2% urea solution, 1% solution of multi-component ‘Supervit R’ fertilizer (produced by Intermag, Poland) and again with 2% urea solution. Combinations with diversified nitrogen fertilization were distinguished within both sub-blocks. Experiment I comprised of: (1) Control, (2) Ca(NO₃)₂ 70, (3) Ca(NO₃)₂ 70 + 70, (4) (NH₄)₂SO₄ 70 and (5) (NH₄)₂SO₄ 70 + 70. Experiment II included: (1) Control, (2) ENTEC-26 35 + 35, (3) ENTEC-26 70 + 70, (4) ENTEC 26 105 + 105, (5) NH₄NO₃ 35 + 35, (6) NH₄NO₃ 70 + 70, (7) NH₄NO₃ 105 + 105. Where 70 kg N ha⁻¹ was used before sowing, whereas 35 + 35, 70 + 70 and 105 + 105 kg N ha⁻¹ were applied before sowing and as top dressing. Solid nitrogen fertilizer was added to the soil (produced by): Ca(NO₃)₂, Yara International ASA (Hydro); (NH₄)₂SO₄, Zak?ady Azotowe in Tarnów, Poland; NH₄NO₃, Zak?ady Azotowe in Pu?awy, Poland; and ENTEC-26, COMPO GmbH & Co. KG, Germany. The research aimed at determining the effect of diversified nitrogen fertilization and foliar nutrition on NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, N-total and dry matter (d.m.) concentrations in carrot, and N uptake by storage roots. In Experiment I, nitrogen fertilization did not affect NO₃⁻ concentration, whereas in Experiment II, the applied N treatment increased NO₃⁻ concentration in carrot in relation to the control, except for the storage roots of plants fertilized with ENTEC-26 35 + 35. Nitrogen fertilization applied in both experiments caused a significant increase in N-total concentration in carrot and N uptake by storage roots in comparison with the control plants. In both experiments, nitrogen fertilization had a different effect on the concentrations of NH₄⁺ and d.m. in carrot. What is more, foliar nutrition treatments in both experiments had a different effect on the concentrations on NO₃⁻, N-total, d.m. in carrot and N uptake by carrot storage roots.     

农业装备物流体系的数学建模

在分析了农业装备物流体系特点的基础上,指出了目前存在的数学模型不能完全体现和描述农业装备物流体系的特点;建立了基于面向环境时延着色Petri网(EOCTPN)的农业装备物流体系数学模型;研究了不同类型农业装备物流体系对库存总成本和长鞭效应的影响程度;解决了目前存在的无法将正向物流和逆向物流有机结合在一起的问题;有效克服了基础Petri网描述此类问题出现的"节点爆炸"现象.在仿真实验的基础上,提出了应如何构建农业装备物流体系的方法.     

覆膜穴播施肥联合作业机械的研制

设计了一种适合膜上播种的双环带分种分肥穴播器,并采用该播种器研制了覆膜穴播施肥联合作业机械;同时发明了切膜机构、整平机构和覆土机构.通过大量的实验表明,覆膜穴播施肥联合作业机组工作稳定可靠,性能优良,是一款与新农艺相适应的机械化联合作业的机型.     

变量技术在农业机械上的应用

变量技术在农业生产中越来越受到欢迎,已开始在耕作、播种、杂草管理、施肥、病虫害控制、栽培以及灌溉等生产作业中得到应用.为此,介绍了变量作业系统的组成和工作原理;分析了我国变量技术在农业机械上的研究现状,为变量技术在农业机械上的推广应用提供依据.     

后置式卷帘机安装使用方法及经济效益分析

介绍后置式大棚卷帘机的基本结构和工作过程,详细说明其安装技术要点,指出其在使用中应注意的事项,并对使用卷帘机和人工卷帘进行经济效益分析,证明使用卷帘机作业具有减轻劳动强度、节约作业成本、提高作业效率、增产增收等优点。     

环保视阈下恩施州肥料利用问题及对策

指出了提高肥料利用率,减少肥料损失和对农业环境的污染是目前农业生产中急需解决的重要问题,针对恩施州有机肥用量不足、肥料投入结构不合理、肥料流失量较大、农业环境污染加重和边际效益下降等问题,提出了有机肥资源高效利用、采用新型科学施肥技术和减少环境污染的施肥技术等提高肥料利用率的建议。     

基于阵列芯片现场高灵敏同步快速检测粮油中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留混合污染

The quality and safety of agricultural products is the technique focus of the strategy of rural vitaliza⁃tion. Carbamate pesticide residues are seriously threatening the safety of agricultural product and human life and health. Nowadays, the common detection methods are instrument-based for carbamate pesticide residue, which dis⁃ satisfy the request of an on-site rapid, sensitive and simultaneous detection for multiple carbamate pesticide resi⁃ dues. Based on the home-made monoclonal antibodies against carbofuran and carbaryl respectivity, a microarray for rapid and simultaneous detection of multiple carbamate pesticide residues was developed within 30 min. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection（LODs）were found to be 0.11 and 0.09 ng/g, while the linear ranges were 0.33-3000 and 0.18-1500 ng/g for carbofuran and carbaryl respectively. By using spiked peanut samples, it recorded recoveries of 88.4%-98.3%, 90.1%-118.8% for carbofuran and carbaryl respectively. The RSD of intraarray were found at 9.0%, 3.5%, while the RSD of inter-array were recorded at 12.3%, 16.3% respectively. The de⁃ tection results of the microarray were highly consistent with that of HPLC-MS/MS. This proposed microarray provid⁃ ed an on-site high-sensitivity, simultaneous and rapid detection of carbofuran and carbaryl, and could be widely used in the fields of agricultural product quality safety, food safety and environmental monitoring.     

水稻灌浆过程中籽粒淀粉合成关键酶活性与蒸煮食味品质

选用稻米蒸煮食味品质有显著差异的4个粳稻品种,对水稻籽粒灌浆过程中淀粉合成关键酶的活性变化及其与蒸煮食味品质关系进行了研究。 不同品质类型的品种间籽粒直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量在灌浆前、中后期表现出差异,这种差异主要表现在灌浆不同时期淀粉积累速率上。籽粒灌浆过程中,不同品质类型的品种中ADPG焦磷酸化酶和可溶性淀粉合成酶活性出现峰值的时间无差异,但淀粉分支酶活性出现峰值的时间,劣质品种明显早于优质品种,而且优质品种灌浆中、后期仍然保持较高水平的酶活性。ADPG焦磷酸化酶、可溶性淀粉合成酶、淀粉分支酶的活性与直链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量、味度值、RVA谱特性间的相关性和程度因灌浆时期不同而发生变化。在整个灌浆过程中,可溶性淀粉合成酶活性与味度值间的相关均不显著,但灌浆前期和中、后期的ADPG焦磷酸化酶和淀粉分支酶的活性与味度值间呈显著或极显著相关。选择灌浆前期酶活性低或灌浆后期酶活性高的材料,将有利于提高稻米蒸煮食味品质。