带遗传标记的玉米基因雄性不育的发现及遗传和利用研究

1992年在玉米族远缘杂交组合3402F3(丹340×403-2)中首次发现带标记性状的基因雄性不育(GMS)材料。 遗传分析结果表明, 不育性受一对隐性基因控制。 当不育株(A)与可育株(B)进行兄妹交, 育性分离比例接近1∶1; 而可育株(B)自交的后代, 可育株与不育株的分离比例为3∶1。 连锁遗传分析结果证明, 不育基因(ms°)与标记性状     

利用“02428h”的eui基因选育长穗颈不育系

为研究隐性长穗颈水稻“02428h”的长穗颈基因eui在减轻不育系包颈度中的利用价值,以02428h为父本,培矮64S为母本和轮回亲本,经过连续3次回交将02428h的eui基因导入培矮64S,转育成了具有长穗颈基因的“P8hS”。与培矮64S相比,P8hS的株高增加35.6 cm,主要是穗颈节和倒2节间长度增加所致。eui基因的导入不仅可使培矮64S的穗包颈得到彻底改善,而且对培矮64S及其杂种的主要经济性状具有改进作用。     

木豆杂种优势利用研究进展

自1974年发现木豆雄性不育株以来,国际上不断对木豆核雄性不育(GMS)和核质互作雄性不育(CGMS)基因及其种质资源进行研究和挖掘,最终实现了木豆杂种优势的成功利用。本文系统总结了过去30多年来,国际上木豆杂种优势机理、表现及授粉方式等基础研究,GMS、CGMS不育系及其配套制种体系研究,杂种优势强度研究,以及木豆杂交种生产技术研究进展。提出了木豆杂种优势利用的具体研究方向和展望。     

冬性小麦矮源开95016遗传研究

为了了解半冬性小麦矮源开95016的遗传特性,2003—2005年对开95006的遗传特性进行初步分析,从开95016（株高50cm）与7个高杆亲本（平均株高75cm）杂交F1株高结果可知,开95016矮杆基因为隐性遗传。从以矮源为母本的正交及其反交F1株粒重结果可知以矮源为母本的正交,且父本为分蘖力强,多穗,中杆类型的品种,F1杂种优势最强。     

应用基因型与播期互作效应分析水稻光温敏核不育系对光周期和温度的育性敏感性

应用AMMI模型、线性回归模型和系统聚类分析方法分析了9个水稻光温敏核不育系和2个对照不育系(培矮64,浙农大11S),在9个播期环境下花粉和种子育性的变化动态。从AMMI两维图可直观看到基因型与播期的交互模式,根据最大互作效应主成分轴IPCA1值和花粉育性平均值将不育系分成3个集团。第1集团是培矮64(1),浙大21S（10）和浙大22S（11）,具有较低花粉育性平均值和较高IPCA1值,表明它们对温度变化比较敏感,且有较大的负向互作效应。第2集团是浙农大11S（2）、浙大4S（3）、浙大7S（6）、浙大8S（7）和浙大9S（8）,其花粉育种平均值和互作值相对较低,变动在0.013-0.276间,暗示花粉育性对播期敏感度低。第3集团是浙大6S（5）和浙大10S（9）,花粉育性平均值高,互作效应大,该2个不育系尚有分离,且花粉育性对播期反映敏感度高。对光敏型和温敏型不育系而言,基因型IPCA值大小主要反映它们对光周期和温度敏感性强弱。花粉和种子育性在基因型、播期及其互作效应上都存在极显著差异。本文还提出利用育性相对稳定性的定量指标D_i界定光温敏核不育的育性稳定性,分析表明,Di值与育种实践结果较为接近。基于AMMI模型的基因型主效应和互作效应分析可以明确划分不育系的不育期、育性转换期和可育期,并将水稻光敏型温敏型不育系区分开,因而该模型可为不育系应用于种子生产提供信息和依据。     

不结球白菜同源异型突变雄性不育系HGMS的发现和初步研究

从不结球白菜高代自交系中发现并育成不结球白菜同源异型突变细胞核雄性不育系HGMS(homeotic GMS).不育特征为心皮在雄蕊位置错位表达,雄蕊消失,雌雄两性花变成无雄蕊单性雌花,心皮化的雄蕊上着生有胚珠,是一种全新的雄性不育.该不育系的花瓣严重退化,长、宽变短,重量减轻;雌蕊由细长变为短粗、重量增加.进一步同工酶研究发现,雄蕊位心皮的酯酶酶带和过氧化物酶酶带与本身雌蕊酶带一致,充分表明该雄性不育确系心皮异位表达引起.并根据花发育的ABC模型推测,该突变很可能是花发育的B组基因缺失所致.     

甘蓝型油菜核不育材料90—2441A的遗传及其等位性分析

对甘蓝型油菜雄性不育材料９０－２４４１Ａ进行遗传分析，结果表明：９０－２４４１Ａ核不育受２对隐性重叠基因控制，甘蓝型油菜均可作为它的恢复系；等位性测验表明，９０－２４４１Ａ，１１７１Ａ，Ｓ４５Ａ均受２个相同位点的隐性重叠基因控制，它们在遗传上属同一类型。     

三倍体胚乳性状遗传模型的上位性分析

    基于双列杂交体系提出一个遗传模型分析三倍体胚乳性状直接和母体上位性效应,直接加性、显性效应,细胞质效应,以及母体加性和显性效应.并运用混合线形模型分析该遗传模型.用最小范数二阶无偏估算法 (MINQUE) 估算单性状的方差分量和性状间的协方差分量.用蒙特卡罗模拟检测遗传参数的估算和模型的稳定性.模拟分析同时应用于双列杂交的平衡设计和非平衡设计.模拟结果显示在估算单性状的方差和性状间的协方差时,平衡设计和非平衡设计没有显著差异.通过估算实际水稻种子性状数据,说明在经典数量遗传研究中,加加上位变异分析是可行的.     

Inheritance of insensitivity of lettuce to a surplus of exchangeable manganese in steam-sterilized soils

Summary After steam sterilizing of certain glasshouse soils a surplus of exchangeable manganese (SEM) occurs. Great differences exist between lettuce genotypes for sensitivity to SEM.Research on the inheritance of insensitivity was carried out by intererossing five lettuce genotypes: Lactuca sativa cys. Neptune (sensitive). Plenos. Troppo and Celtuce (all insensitive) and an accession of L. scrriola (insensitive). From analysing various populations (as F₁'s. F₂'s and B₁'s) it appeared that different numbers of genes for insensitivity were present in the parents varying from one gene in Plenos and Troppo, two genes in L. serriola to possibly four genes in Celtuce. Genes in the three first mentioned parents were linked in repulsion phase and a chromosome map for these genes was made.     

Quantitative trait loci mapping and epistatic analysis for grain yield and yield components using molecular markers with an elite maize hybrid

Summary The aim of this investigation was to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with grain yield and yield components in maize and to analyze the role of epistasis in controlling these traits. An F_2:3 population from an elite hybrid (Zong3 × 87-1) was used to evaluate grain yield and yield components in two locations (Wuhan and Xiangfan, China) using a randomized complete-block design. The mapping population included 266 F_2:3 family lines. A genetic linkage map containing 150 simple sequence repeats and 24 restriction fragment length polymorphism markers was constructed, spanning a total of 2531.6 cM with an average interval of 14.5 cM. A logarithm-of-odds threshold of 2.8 was used as the criterion to confirm the presence of one QTL after 1000 permutations. Twenty-nine QTL were detected for four yield traits, with 11 of them detected simultaneously in both locations. Single QTL contribution to phenotypic variations ranged from 3.7% to 16.8%. Additive, partial dominance, dominance, and overdominance effects were all identified for investigated traits. A greater proportion of overdominance effects was always observed for traits that exhibited higher levels of heterosis. At the P ≤ 0.005 level with 1000 random permutations, 175 and 315 significant digenic interactions were detected in two locations for four yield traits using all possible locus pairs of molecular markers. Twenty-four significant digenic interactions were simultaneously detected for four yield traits at both locations. All three possible digenic interaction types were observed for investigated traits. Each of the interactions accounted for only a small proportion of the phenotypic variation, with an average of 4.0% for single interaction. Most interactions (74.9%) occurred among marker loci, in which significant effects were not detected by single-locus analysis. Some QTL (52.2%) detected by single-locus analysis were involved in epistatic interactions. These results demonstrate that digenic interactions at the two-locus level might play an important role in the genetic basis of maize heterosis.