油菜籽粒中钾素积累过程的初步研究

通过定期测定甘蓝型双低油菜扬油6号籽粒的钾素含量，研究了籽粒中钾素积累动态，结果表明：（1）籽粒含钾率前期较高，随着籽粒的充实逐渐减小。（2）籽粒中钾素积累动态可用Richards方程拟合（R2=0.9963**～0.9981**）。（3）前期钾素积累的持续时间最长，约占55%；中期K素积累速率最大，积累量最大，所占比例也最大，均在50%以上，前期积累比例略少于40%，后期13%左右。（4）施用K肥籽粒K素积累时间和最终积累量有所增加，但总体来说影响不大。     

油菜种子超干燥保存的最佳含水量研究

对5℃、25℃和35℃条件下保存6个月或12月的油菜种子发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、电导率和脱氢酶活性研究显示，油菜种子在不同温度条件下有不同的最佳含水量范围，最佳含水量可随保存温度下降而上升，35℃、25℃和5℃条件下油菜种子最佳含水量分别为4．0％－5．4％、4．0％－6．3％和7．5％以上。推荐油菜种子5－35℃超干燥保存的实用含水量为4％－5％。     

日粮中鱼蛋白水解物对黄颡鱼生长、体成分和血清生理指标的影响

为了探讨鱼蛋白水解物对黄颡鱼生产性能的影响,以日本鳀粉为对照,以实用型黄颡鱼饲料配方模式为基础开展实验:1以30.5%鱼粉为对照(FM),在相同配方模式下,以6%鱼蛋白水解物(MPH6)替代20%的鱼粉;2以30.5%鱼粉为对照(FM),在无鱼粉日粮中分别添加3%(FPH3)、6%(FPH6)、12%(FPH12)鱼蛋白水解物;共设计5组等氮等能实验日粮,在池塘网箱中养殖黄颡鱼[初始体质量(30.08±0.35)g]60 d。结果显示:与FM相比,FPH12在SGR、FCR、PRR和FRR方面均无显著差异,而MPH6、FPH3、FPH6组SGR降低了15.45%~24.39%,FCR升高了32.14%~42.86%,MPH6、FPH6差异显著,在PRR和FRR方面,MPH6、FPH3、FPH6组PRR降低了21.11%~27.78%,MPH6组FRR降低了41.51%;全鱼水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分各组间差异不显著,FPH3、FPH6、FPH12肌肉多种游离氨基酸水平显著高于FM,其中Thr、Val、His与其在日粮中的水平显著相关;FPH6组HSI显著低于FM,鱼蛋白水解物对CP、VSI、肠体比的影响不显著;血清AST、ALT、HDL、LDL、TP、CHOL、TG无显著差异,FPH3组ALB显著低于FM。研究表明:黄颡鱼日粮中,12%鱼蛋白水解物(干物质)与30.5%鱼粉在生长速度、饲料效率、血清生理指标等方面具有一定的等效性;过高的植物蛋白日粮影响了黄颡鱼的生产性能;饲喂鱼蛋白水解物日粮使黄颡鱼肌肉游离氨基酸的含量升高,特别是呈味氨基酸的含量增加。     

Soybean meal alters autochthonous microbial populations, microvilli morphology and compromises intestinal enterocyte integrity of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Rainbow trout were fed either a diet containing fishmeal (FM) as the crude protein source or a diet containing 50% replacement with soybean meal (SBM) for 16 weeks. An enteritis-like effect was observed in the SBM group; villi, enterocytes and microvilli were noticeably damaged compared with the FM group. The posterior intestine microvilli of SBM-fed fish were significantly shorter and the anterior intestine microvilli significantly less dense than the FM-fed fish. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of autochthonous bacterial populations associated with microvilli of both fish groups. Reduced density of microvilli consequently led to increased exposure of enterocyte tight junctions, which combined with necrotic enterocytes is likely to diminish the protective barrier of the intestinal epithelium. No significant differences in total viable counts of culturable microbial populations were found between the groups in any of the intestinal regions. A total of 1500 isolates were tentatively placed into groups or genera, according to standard methods. Subsequent partial 16S rRNA sequencing revealed species that have not been identified from the rainbow trout intestine previously. Compared with the FM group levels of Psychrobacter spp. and yeast were considerably higher in the SBM group; a reduction of Aeromonas spp. was also observed.     

菜籽粕对异育银鲫免疫应答能力的影响

试验鱼以投喂饲料的不同和是否注射抗原共分为10组,即免疫组:A、B、C、D、E组,免疫对照组:a、b、c、d、e组,饲料对照组:A、a组.饲料试验组B、C、D、b、c、d、e组.其中,饲料对照组以豆粕和鱼粉为基础蛋白源,饲料试验组分别以双低菜籽粕和普通菜籽粕等氮替代对照组中50%(B、b;D、d)和100%(C、c;E、e)的豆粕蛋白,测定异育银鲫血液白细胞和头肾吞噬细胞的吞噬活性、血清溶菌酶活性、血清补体(C3,C4)含量、血清凝集抗体效价及免疫保护率.结果表明:从免疫后21 d开始,饲料试验组E、e、C、c组的各项免疫指标都显著低于相应饲料对照组;在49 d,D、d组的部分免疫指标也显著低于相应饲料对照组;B、b组和相应饲料对照组之间没有显著的变化.免疫组的各项免疫指标均显著高于相对应的投喂相同饲料的免疫对照组.     

Using Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented soybean meal as replacement for fish meal in the diet of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides,Hamilton)

The potential of Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented soybean meal (FSBM) as a partial alternative component of fish meal (FM) in fed diets of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) was evaluated in this study. An FM‐based diet and seven diets containing 10%, 20% and 30% and 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of FM replaced by soybean meal (SBM) and FSBM, respectively, were fed to grouper for 84 days to evaluate possible substitution levels of FM by tracking growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and morphological changes in the liver and distal intestine. No significant differences in survival and muscle composition of grouper were found between controls and treatments. Growth performance and feed efficiency of fish fed diets with FM replaced by FSBM up to 30% were not significantly different from controls, whereas significantly decreased growth performance and feed efficiency occurred with diets containing >20% of SBM. Based on the feed efficiency, the maximum substituted levels of FM by SBM and FSBM in grouper diets were 18.36% and 29.32%, respectively, based on broken‐line analyses. Histopathological changes in the liver and distal intestine, and significantly lower activity levels of digestive enzymes, including pepsin in the stomach and trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase in the distal intestine, were found in fish fed a diet containing 30% of FM replaced by SBM. However, these parameters were improved by the substitution of FSBM. It is therefore believed that FSBM has great potential to be used as a protein source in grouper diets in partial replacement of FM.     

脱脂蚕蛹替代日粮中鱼粉对建鲤肠道菌群的影响

利用免培养的16S rDNA梯度凝胶电泳技术(DGGE)研究脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉对建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var. jian)肠道菌群的影响。6个饲养组分别饲喂6种等氮等能饲料, 分别为含10%鱼粉的基础饲料、3种替代饲料(脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉蛋白, 替代水平分别为25%、50%和75%)及2组分别在50%和75%替代基础上分别再添加0.6%和0.7%晶体赖氨酸的饲料 (分别记为DSP0、DSP25、DSP50、DSP50-Lys、DSP75、DSP75-Lys)。饲养结束后采集肠道样品, 分析建立指纹图谱, DSP0、DSP25、DSP50、DSP50-Lys、DSP75、DSP75-Lys组分别产生了19、15、11、12、8和12条可鉴别条带, 各组均存在优势种群条带。DSP0和其他各组(DSP25、DSP50、DSP50-Lys、DSP75、DSP75-Lys)的相似性指数为50.7%、50.6%、69.0%、42.4%、66.7%。对PCR-DGGE指纹图谱主要条带进一步回收、克隆和测序, 共得到19条序列, 将得到的序列在NCBI数据库中进行同源分析, 发现建鲤肠道菌群归为芽孢杆菌纲、螺旋体纲、β-变形菌纲、梭菌纲、放线菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、蓝藻纲、拟杆菌纲、梭杆菌纲等, 大部分为不可培养细菌。研究发现, 脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉对建鲤肠道菌群组成产生显著影响, 随着脱脂蚕蛹替代水平的提高, 肠道菌群多样性下降, 细菌种类从19种锐减至8种, 而饲料中补充赖氨酸可减弱这种影响, 本研究可为蚕蛹在鲤配合饲料中的开发应用提供参考资料。

     

南海灯笼鱼加工优质鱼粉的关键工艺研究

以南海优势鱼种灯笼鱼(Myctophum)为原料,对生产优质鱼粉的关键工艺脱腥、蒸煮温度、蒸煮时间、蒸煮p H、干燥温度进行了研究,并测定了产品品质指标。结果表明,灯笼鱼生产优质鱼粉的最佳工艺参数为脱腥液脱腥60 min,蒸煮温度95℃,蒸煮时间10 min,蒸煮p H 6.0,干燥温度80℃。在此条件下得到的灯笼鱼鱼粉中各组分的质量分数为粗蛋白61.92%,粗脂肪9.07%,水分9.32%,盐分2.59%,粗灰分17.45%,鱼粉的胃蛋白酶消化率为86.82%。     

生长猪对菜粕和豆粕中磷真消化率的研究

选用6头健康大白×长白阉公猪为消化试验动物,采用6×6拉丁方设计,设6个磷水平(0.11%,0.22%,0.33%,0.44%,0.55%,0.53%),以豆粕、葡萄糖、玉米淀粉等为基础,以菜粕为待测植物性饲料,配制半纯合试验饲粮,其中菜粕和豆粕为磷唯一来源。日粮中添加0.35%Cr2O3作为外源指示剂。分6个试验期(每期8 d,6 d适应期,2d收粪期),测定了生长猪内源磷排泄量及菜粕和豆粕磷的真消化率。结果表明:生长猪内源磷的排泄量为0.210 8g/kg DMI,菜粕、豆粕及6个半纯合饲粮中磷表观消化率分别为-0.30%,25.77%,7.25%,16.29%,16.54%,23.62%,15.04%,28.97%,而其真消化率分别为10.21%,32.94%,26.22%,23.62%,22.95%,23.57%,22.81%,32.94%。说明饲料磷真消化率更能反映动物对饲料磷消化吸收的真实情况,具有相对较好的重演性。     

鱼粉品质检测电子鼻传感器阵列的多特征数据融合优化

为了提高基于仿生嗅觉的鱼粉品质检测装置的鉴别能力,该文利用自主设计的仿生嗅觉鱼粉品质检测装置,提取鱼粉样本的响应特征信息,对其传感器阵列进行多特征数据融合优化。依据各传感器对样本的响应曲线,提取传感器特征值(10×6个)构成原始特征矩阵,后对传感器阵列特征值进行归一化处理,以紧凑性作为评价特征选择方法合理性的标准,采用了3种单特征排序方法(MIC、χ^2、F-test),3种多特征排序方法(RF、LR、SVM),4种特征递减消除方法(RFRFE、SVMRFE、DTRFE、LRRFE)对不同品质的鱼粉进行分类准确率检验,得到基于随机森林的特征递减消除算法(RFRFE)的紧凑性最好,此时最佳的分类准确率为98.3%,特征数目为33个。优化后的传感器阵列特征发生了明显的变化,传感器阵列由原来的10个变为了8个,去掉了传感器TGS2620和传感器TGS2600,特征值也减少了45%。为了避免选择偏差,采用了10折交叉验证方法,再次得到了RFRFE算法具有更佳的紧凑性。该特征选择方法为利用仿生嗅觉技术鉴别其他动物源性原料样本的特征优化提供了新的方法和参考。