高寒地区降雨量分布与柞蚕产茧量关系的分析

本文把高寒地区2年中的6月～9月上旬各旬降雨量及6～8月月降雨量与相对应年限的柞蚕产茧量进行各种相关分析，得出了6月中旬、下旬及6月份的降雨量与柞蚕产茧量呈正相关，并依此提出了相应的技术措施。     

城市雨水资源在景观中的应用

本文将就当前国内在城市雨水处理方面存在的问题进行探讨,探索雨水资源化在景观建设中的应用途径。首先介绍了发达国家的常用雨水处理方式,然后回顾我国雨水利用的现状,着重介绍和分析雨水资源化在景观应用中的基本途径和常见形式,以期对未来雨水资源化的景观应用提供借鉴。     

基于MODIS的黄河中游地表反照率时空变化特征

[目的]研究基于MODIS的黄河中游地表反照率时空变化。[方法]利用2001～2010年MODIS地表反照率产品(MCD43B3)以及气象站降水和气温数据,采用简单相关分析和偏相关分析方法,研究了黄河中游地区地表反照率时空分布特征及其与降水、气温的相关关系。[结果]研究区地表反照率年内年际波动变化,不同地表覆盖类型地表反照率年平均值大小顺序为耕地建设用地草地林地。不同地形、地表覆盖类型地表反照率与降水和气温的相关关系不同。[结论]该研究为中长期气候预报水平的提高提供理论依据。     

A tool for rapid assessment of erosion risk to support decision-making and policy development at the Ngenge watershed in Uganda

This study tests a rapid, user-friendly method for assessing changes in erosion risk, which yields information to aid policy development and decision-making for sustainable natural resources management. There is currently a lack of timely, up-to-date and current information to support policy development on sustainable natural resources management in Uganda. The study was carried out in the Ngenge watershed, a typical catchment in the Ugandan Highlands, characterised by deforestation in favour of subsistence agriculture without adequate soil and water conservation measures. The watershed is experiencing soil erosion, sedimentation and flooding problems which are threatening agricultural productivity and food security. Sustainable management of environmental resources is needed to ensure a livelihood for the rural population which is dependent on the land. Historical erosion risk was evaluated in three steps using multi-temporal satellite data. First, current erosion risk was assessed by combining slope and vegetation cover during periods of high intensity rainfall. The data used for the assessment was obtained from public (free) satellite images. Erosion risk was then linked to land use and finally to the change in vegetation cover over the years 1980-2000. The analysis of erosion risk using rainfall, slope and NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetative Index) as a proxy for vegetation cover gives an indication of the current erosion risk in the area. The results of historical vegetation cover change analysis indicate an overall increase in areas under erosion risk in the study area from 1980 to 2000. This method of erosion risk mapping provides a quick and straightforward means for identifying priority areas for interventions for soil and water resource management. Considering that resources are limited, the interventions to be appropriate have to be focused mainly on areas affected by degradation.     

海南尖峰岭热带雨林区降雨和径流特征研究

[目的]研究海南尖峰岭热带雨林区降雨和径流特征。[方法]根据2007～2008年在海南尖峰岭热带雨林定位观测的降雨和径流数据,分析原始热带山地雨林、次生热带山地雨林和低地雨林等集水区的径流特征。[结果]林区在雨季能够有效削减洪峰,在旱季能够有效调节径流,表明具有较好的调洪补枯功能。林区雨季每公顷蓄水11 660～18 031 m3,从高到低分别为热带山地雨林次生林原始山地雨林低地雨林。旱季,热带山地雨林次生林和原始山地雨林每公顷补枯量分别为976.6和946.8 m3,低地雨林补枯功能不明显。[结论]该研究验证了热带雨林具有调洪补枯的功能假说。     

自贡市近50年来降水变化特征分析

[目的]分析自贡市近50年来降水变化特征。[方法]利用自贡市1961～2010年3个测站逐日降水资料,运用线性趋势法、累计距平法等数理统计方法,研究了近50年来自贡市年、季、月降水总量与雨日的气候变化特征。[结果]自贡市年降水量总体呈减少趋势,其变化倾向率为-28.0 mm/10a。年雨日明显减少,且雨日的减少比降水量的减少明显得多,其变化倾向率为-5.6 d/10a,雨日的减少主要表现为小雨日数的减少。夏、秋、冬季降水量均呈负趋势,且四季的雨日都呈负趋势,其中,秋季的雨量和雨日减少最明显也最多。逐月降水量呈单峰型分布,逐月降水日数呈双峰型分布。自贡各地年内出现的各级雨日数几乎一致,且不同强度雨日随量级的增加而减少。年降水量和雨日数的同步减少是自贡市近50年来降水变化的一个明显特征。[结论]总的来说,自贡市自然降水资源正趋于减少,秋干明显。     

雨量数据图形处理分析显示系统开发及应用

介绍了市级雨量数据图形处理分析显示系统的设计思路及其功能特点。该系统引用Meteo Info类库开发,基于数据库系统,采用模块化设计,由独立的模块完成数据录入、质量控制及分析处理等功能;该系统具有高度自动化、使用方便简捷等特点,满足业务工作的雨量数据监控、图形显示等需要,在各级气象部门具有很好的推广和实用价值。     

黄土高原西部雨养农业区集雨水窖的主要类型及其效益分析——以甘肃会宁为例

本文以甘肃会宁为例 ,通过对该地区自然、社会特征的分析 ,结合本区开展的雨水集流工程 ,讨论了雨水蓄集不仅解决了该地区人畜饮水问题 ,而且成为该地区农业可持续发展的关键所在。本文主要对黄土高原雨养农业区发展雨水集流的必要性、有利条件、雨水集流系统的组成以及水窖类型、结构、投入等做了较为系统的论述。     

固原试验区径流观测及综合治理减沙效益的研究

固原试区于“六五”期间建立一批径流小区,“七五”期间又建立一处综合治理与不治理的对比观测区。现获得起流降雨记录34次,径流泥沙数据3120个,对比观测区记录8次。本文发表的这批实测数据为黄土高原宁南丘陵区填补了空白;初步对数据的整理,得出坡度、坡长、不同植被、不同雨强与水土流失量的关系;又作了统计分析,得出土壤流失量与起流雨量及30min内最大雨强的两个单因子幂函数式,及分别适用于高强型起流雨和低强型起流雨的两个多元幂函数型多项式逐步回归式,经实测检验,精度在±10%左右;据此估算目前全试区15km²的综合治理减沙效益达60.0%以上。     

Rainfall effects on erosion of earthworm casts and phosphorus transfers by water runoff

 We investigated whether, under a temperate climate and in a maize crop, earthworm casts could contribute to soil erosion and further favour the exportation of phosphorus by runoff waters. Recording of casts was made in compacted (wheel-tracks) and non-compacted inter-rows, for a 2-month period in spring. To assess the rainfall impact on cast evolution, half of the observation sites were protected against rain splash by a nylon mesh placed above the soil surface. The water runoff was collected and analysed for sediment contents and phosphorus concentration. The mean annual production of surface casts was calculated to be 34 kg (dry weight) year^–1 kg^–1 earthworm (fresh weight). Synchronization between cast erosion and rainfall events was shown under natural conditions (unprotected sites). The erosion rate was 4 times greater over rainy periods than dry ones, reaching 80% of cast numbers. It appeared that not the runoff effect but the splash effect, due to the kinetics of the drops, disrupted casts. Newly formed casts disappeared first, with the erosion rate decreasing twofold for casts more than 10 days old. Cast erosion and runoff, as well as worm casting activity, were greater under compacted sites than under non-compacted sites, indicating an influence of earthworms on soil erosion from compacted soils. The total phosphorus content was similar in casts and uningested soil (0.80 mg phosphorus g^–1). Potential phosphorus losses from cast erosion was calculated to reach 25–49 mg phosphorus m^–2 per rainfall event depending on soil compaction. The amounts of particulate phosphorus recovered in water runoff after each rainfall event varied from 1 mg to 11 mg phosphorus. These results are compared and discussed. Received: 20 October 1998