部分高油玉米自交系主要性状的初步鉴定

通过对15个高油玉米自交系生育期、植株性状、产量性状及品质性状的初步分析,结果表明,15个高油系籽粒的脂肪、蛋白质含量高于黑龙江省普通玉米自交系,其中脂肪含量极显著高于普通自交系,淀粉含量极显著低于普通玉米自交系.除BY843、BY815生育期偏晚以外,其它高油系能够适应黑龙江省种植.多数高油系的自身产量接近普通玉米自交系,可以直接利用或者作为种质资源间接利用.大部分高油系的株高、穗位偏高,需进一步改良.     

基于标记系谱的红鳍东方鲀生长性状遗传分析

利用分子标记辅助家系选育进行红鳍东方鲀生长性状的遗传评估,由红鳍东方鲀基础群体中选择性腺发育良好的雌雄亲本各11尾建立全同胞家系11个,每个全同胞家系随机采集10尾个体组建全同胞家系群体,从混合培育的家系中选择相对较大的个体400尾组建混合选育群体。在红鳍东方鲀遗传连锁图谱上挑选44个均匀分布于22个连锁群上的微卫星DNA标记,每个连锁群有2个标记。全同胞家系群体的遗传分析结果显示,10个高亲本排除概率微卫星标记的Excl(1)和Excl(2)为0.58~0.662和0.736~0.797,14个低亲本排除概率标记的Excl(1)和Excl(2)为0.054~0.43和0.177~0.608,剩余20个中等亲本排除概率标记的Excl(1)和Excl(2)为0.467~0.575和0.641~0.732。利用拥有高亲本排除概率的微卫星DNA标记进行混合选育群体的亲权鉴定,结果显示:不同父母本繁殖产生的子代数量存在明显差异,父本M2和母本F4产生了124个子代,占子代个体总数的32.89%。根据亲权鉴定结果建立的系谱估计主要生长性状的遗传参数,不同日龄的体质量和体长遗传力估计值为0.17~0.21和0.15~0.18。研究表明,利用具有高亲本排除概率的微卫星DNA标记能够有效建立红鳍东方鲀系谱,进行生长性状的遗传参数估计,分子标记辅助家系选育可以作为红鳍东方鲀目标性状遗传改良的新方法。     

牙鲆体质量与形态性状的异速生长分析

为分析牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)体质量与形态性状之间异速生长的遗传规律,通过人工受精的方法建立牙鲆19个全同胞家系,测量了牙鲆不同日龄的体质量和形态性状。采用逐步回归方法建立最优联合异速生长模型,将此模型镶嵌到体质量动物模型的每个遗传和环境效应中,进一步分析对多个形态性状异速生长遗传规律。静态异速生长分析表明:体质量与全长之间存在最大异速生长指数(1.415 5),表现为正异速生长,剩余形态性状与体质量之间的异速生长指数为0.061 5~0.718 0,皆表现为负异速生长。全长与尾柄高之间异速生长指数的正遗传相关最大(0.907 8);全长与尾柄长之间的负遗传相关最大(-0.946 8)。不同模型通过统计标准比较,确定模型Ⅰ为进行牙鲆动态异速生长分析的最优随机回归模型。     

渔业资源管理目标定量确定的探讨

本文主要探讨渔业资源管理目标定量确定(包括渔业种类及其可捕规格和产量的确定)过程中常用的数学方法，并指出各种方法的应用范围。     

大黄鱼选育群体与野生群体杂交 F1生长性状研究

利用大黄鱼野生群体与选育F1养殖群体杂交及群体内自繁,获得选育F1（♀）×野生（♂）、野生（♀）×选育F1（♂）、野生（♀）×野生（♂）和选育F1（♀）×选育F1（♂）4个组合的子代,对其卵径、油球径以及2～10月龄全长、体长和体质量进行分析比较。试验结果表明,选育F1（♀）×野生（♂）卵径最大,并与野生（♀）×野生（♂）之间存在显著性差异（P＜0．05）,4个群体油球径差异不显著（P＞0．05）;体质量是大黄鱼群体间杂交主要表现的生长性状,9月龄体质量双亲杂种优势最大为14．48％,野生（♀）×选育F1（♂）体质量杂种优势最大为25．68％;野生（♀）×选育F1（♂）的全长特定生长率为1．92％／d ,体质量为5．60％／d及选育F1（♀）×野生（♂）体长为1．99％／d ,是4个群体中最大特定生长率;拟合体长（L）与体质量（m）关系,选育F1（♀）×野生（♂）为 m＝0．0277L2．8045（r2＝0．9980）,野生（♀）×选育F1（♂）为 m＝0．0210 L2．9287（r2＝0．9993）,野生（♀）×野生（♂）为 m＝0．0236 L2．8592（r2＝0．9916）,选育F1（♀）×选育F1（♂）为 m＝0．0228 L2．8946（r2＝0．9984）。试验结果表明,通过野生群体与选育养殖群体的杂交能提高大黄鱼子代的经济性状。     

马氏珠母贝不同地理种群内自繁和种群间杂交子一代主要性状的比较

为了培育马氏珠母贝新品种，开展了不同地理种群内自繁和种群间杂交的工作，获得了3个自繁群体和3个杂交群体，BB1、DD1和SS1分别来自北海野生种群(BW)、大亚湾野生种群(DW)和三亚野生种群(SW)自繁一代；BDl、BS1和DSl分别来自BW与DW、BW与SW以及DW与SW杂交一代。运用方差分析对6个子一代群体的5个主要性状(壳长、壳宽、壳厚、总体重和壳重)进行了比较，3个杂交群体未表现出杂种优势。但获得的6个群体将成为进一步选育的基本群体。子一代的变异性增加为进一步选育奠定了基础。     

苦瓜主要经济性状的遗传及其与环境互作效应

 利用加性-显性与环境互作遗传模型, 分析了7个苦瓜亲本及其21个F1代在春、秋两个栽培 季节8个经济性状的数据, 估算了各项遗传方差分量。结果表明, 单株前期产量(单株前产) 、单瓜质量、果实纵径、果实横径、果肉厚和果形指数等6 个性状主要由加性效应控制, 加性方差的比率分别为45.2%、70.7%、89.4%、38.1%、41.2%和22.0% , 均达极显著水平; 单株产量和单株结果数则以加性×环境效应占优势(加性×环境方差的比率分别为24.5%和38.1% ) 。除单株结果数外, 其余性状的普通狭义遗传率和普通广义遗传率均达到极显著水平; 单株结果数的互作狭义和互作广义遗传率最高, 也达到了极显著水平。     

Identification of QTLs related to sugar and organic acid composition in melon using near-isogenic lines

The soluble sugar and organic acid composition of melon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit flesh has become a major focus of plant breeding worldwide in an attempt to improve taste. Thus, sugar and organic acid profiles were characterized using near-isogenic lines (NILs) derived from the Spanish cultivar Piel de Sapo (PS) and the exotic Korean accession Shongwan Charmi (PI 161375). Fruits were cultivated in only one environment. These data were used to map 60 quantitative trait loci (QTLs): 18 for individual sugars, eight for sucrose equivalents, five for the glucose-to-fructose ratio, seven for the total sugar content and 21 for organic acids. Within the QTLs that were associated with the sugar profile, 27 defined the sugar content: eight for fructose, six for glucose, four for sucrose, and nine for sucrose equivalents. Although increased sweetness of selected NILs compared with the parental PS was achieved by an increased glucose or fructose content, only glucose heritability was above 0.5. A total of 21 QTLs (two with positive effects and nineteen with detrimental effects compared with the PS levels) controlled the organic acid profile: l-glutamic, ascorbic and succinic acids (the principal ones) and fumaric, citric, oxalacetic, and isocitric acids. The levels of sugars imparted by the PI 161375 introgression frequently decreased the score grades given to NILs by consumers. Within the 32 QTLs mapped for sensory traits, 27 were associated with lower scores in taste (nine QTLs), sweetness (eight QTLs) or global quality appreciation (nine QTLs); two with increased fruit sourness or sweetness and three with increased fruit bitterness. The QTLs defined herein may assist breeders to understand the overall organoleptic balance (sweetness, sourness, and umami taste) in melon fruit, particularly those located within linkage groups III, V, VI, and VIII to XI.     

Historical influences dominate the composition of regenerating plant communities in abandoned citrus groves in north-central Florida

The question of what determines plant community composition is fundamental to the study of plant community ecology. We examined the relative roles of historical land use, landscape context, and the biophysical environment as determinants of plant community composition in regenerating citrus groves in north-central Florida. Results were interpreted in light of plant functional traits. Herbaceous and woody plants responded differently to broad-scale variables; herbs correlated most strongly with surrounding land cover at a scale of 8 km, while the only significant determinant of woody species distributions was local land use history. There were significant correlations between herbaceous species and spatial context, habitat isolation, environmental variables, and historical variables. Partial Mantel tests indicated that each variable provided a unique contribution in explaining some of the variation in the herbaceous dataset. The correlation between woody plants and local historical variables remained significant even with other effects corrected for. In the herbaceous community, species composition was linked to functional traits much as expected from classical theory. While spatial influences in our study system are important for both woody and herbaceous plants, the primary determinant of plant community composition in regenerating citrus groves is historical land use. Our results suggest that the fine-scale mechanisms of local competition, tolerance and facilitation invoked by many classical studies may ultimately be less important than land use history in understanding current plant community composition in regenerating agricultural areas.     

用籼/籼交重组自交系群体构建的分子遗传图谱及其与籼/粳交群体的分子图谱的比较

为了最终实现对籼稻数量性状基因位点 (QTLs)精确定位 ,用一个包含 1 31个系的籼 /籼交重组自交系群体 (F6∶7)构建了分子遗传连锁图谱。该图谱含由 1 1 3个水稻探针、2 8个小麦探针揭示的 1 6 0个RFLP标记和由 5个PstⅠ /MseⅠ引物组合揭示的 78个AFLP标记。群体的杂合性比率接近期望值 ,表明该群体具有正常的遗传结构。在 6个染色体区域观察到标记的偏分离 ,表明即使在亚种内群体中也可能发生标记的偏分离。本图谱的总长度为 1 4 35 8cM ,相邻标记间的平均距离为 6 38cM。由于采用了一套日本水稻基因组计划 (RGP)的RFLP标记 ,使本图谱能与RGP图谱进行比较。结果表明 ,两个图谱上的共同标记所覆盖图谱总长度几乎相同 ;在水稻 1 2条染色体中的 9条表现完全的连锁保守性。此外 ,水稻的第 1号染色体与小麦的第 3组染色体具有很强共线性。但是 ,两个图谱间也存在明显的差异 ,在 1S、1L、4L和 8L 4个染色体臂上发现 4个小倒位 ;除第 5号和第 6号染色体外的其他染色体上共检测到 1 9个新的位点。籼稻亲本间在染色体臂 2S、7S、1 0L和 1 1S 4个区域的RFLP多态性很低或没有 ,从而导致籼稻图谱在这些区域呈现空白。在这个籼稻图谱中 ,未检测到第 1 1号和 1 2号染色体间的重复性。还就稻属在基因组进化中的染