甘肃省农业现代化与新型城镇化协调发展关系研究

以分析农业现代化与新型城镇化的相互关系为基础,依据相关统计数据,采用耦合协调度模型分析甘肃省农业现代化与新型城镇化协调发展的关系程度.结果表明:甘肃省农业现代化与新型城镇化两者间的综合发展水平逐年提高,耦合度从低水平耦合阶段逐渐过度到颉颃阶段,耦合协调度从严重衰退失调发展演变为初级协调发展.甘肃省农业现代化低水平一直是制约两者耦合协调度向更高层次发展的主要因素.政府应继续加大对农业现代化建设的投资力度;注重社会保障服务质量的均等化,真正做到以人为本的城镇化;注重二者的协调发展作用,不能偏重于一方的发展或是交替的阶段性发展.     

基于自然保护地体系的森林公园规划范围调整思考——以安吉竹乡国家森林公园为例

随着国家自然保护地体系的建立,安吉竹乡国家森林公园也正面临新的机遇与挑战。原规划范围与自然保护区、风景名胜区以及生态红线存在交叉与重叠,亟需进行优化整合。文章从优化整合空间、确定发展定位、明确保护重点、提升资源价值4个方面论述了竹乡国家森林公园的规划策略,分析了调整森林公园经营范围的意义和必要性。文章认为,调整后的竹乡国家森林公园经营范围符合安吉经济社会发展需要,有利于森林公园的经营管理,有利于安吉小鲵国家级自然保护区保护,同时能够带动新增地区的生态旅游发展,新规划是可行的。     

Detection and Analysis of Magnaporthe oryzae Avirulence Genes AVR-Pib,AVR-Pik and AvrPiz-t in Heilongjiang Province

【Objective】The objective of this study is to investigate the distribution and variation mechanism of avirulence genes AVR-Pib, AVR-Pik and AvrPiz-t in Magnaporthe oryzae strains from different regions and years in Heilongjiang Province, to understand the pathogenic phenotypes of different avirulence gene alleles, and to provide a reference for utilization and distribution of resistance cultivars in Heilongjiang Province.【Method】Based on the avirulence gene sequences published in NCBI, specific primers were designed to amplify full length and the coding sequence (CDS) regions of three genes, respectively. From 2016 to 2017, 335 M. oryzae strains in different regions of Heilongjiang Province were collected and isolated, and their DNA was PCR-amplified using avirulence genes primers and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR products with different band patterns and from representative strains of different regions were selected for sequencing. The sequencing results were compared with the corresponding avirulence gene sequences for base and amino acid. The pathogenic phenotype of M. oryzae strains with different variant types was determined based on the rice resistance to single-gene lines.【Result】The specific bands of AVR-Pib, AVR-Pik and AvrPiz-t were detected in PCR detection and appeared in different distribution frequencies and mutation types, indicating that these 3 avirulence genes were all distributed in Heilongjiang Province. The average amplification frequency of the 3 avirulence genes was 75.52%, 87.16% and 85.67%, respectively. Among them, 4 types of band (bandless, high band, mid to high band and low band) of AVR-Pib were detected by electrophoresis analysis and 5 variant types AVR-Pib (1-1, 1-2, 2, 3, 3-1) were detected by PCR product sequencing. The genotypes AVR-Pib-1-1, AVR-Pib-1-2, AVR-Pib-2 and AVR-Pib-3-1 are newly discovered variant types, of which genotypes AVR-Pib-1-1 and AVR-Pib-1-2 are insertions of transposon Pot2 but with different insertion sites. The genotype AVR-Pib-2 has a small fragment insertion in the upstream of CDS region. The genotype AVR-Pib-3-1 base sequence has 4 differences from the original sequence, namely 32 (C/G) 35 (T/A) 36 (T/A) 38 (T/A), and the amino acid translation was terminated prematurely. Pathogenic analysis showed that except for the normal genotype AVR-Pib-3, the other alleles lost their avirulence functions. Seven AVR-Pik alleles (D, A, B, C, E, F, F2) were detected after PCR product sequencing, and the alterations in the nucleotide sequences of these alleles all resulted in amino acid missense mutations. The 7 AVR-Pik alleles have been reported previously. The avirulence gene AvrPiz-t was analyzed by electrophoresis and sequencing of PCR products, and 2 types of band (high band and normal band type) and 4 genotypes of AvrPiz-t (A, B, C, D) were revealed. Among them, AvrPiz-t-A is the original genotype, while AvrPiz-t-B has a base A insertion at position 191, causing premature termination of amino acid translation. Genotype AvrPiz-t-C is a newly discovered allelic type, characterized by the presence of a nucleotide variation at position 17 (T/C) and the insertion of base C at position 19 compared with type A, leading to the frameshift mutation and premature translation termination. The high band type avirulent genotype AvrPiz-t-D was sequenced and verified as having an insertion of the Pot3 transposon. Rice single-gene lines infection showed that the strains with AvrPiz-t-A were avirulent to Piz-t line due to Piz-t recognition, whereas the strains with AvrPiz-t (B, C, D) were virulent to Piz-t line due to lost the ability recognized by Piz-t.【Conclusion】The avirulence genes AVR-Pib, AVR-Pik and AvrPiz-t of M. oryzae in Heilongjiang Province are widely distributed and the types of variation are abundant. The results of this study can provide a reference for breeding and popularizing rice cultivars with corresponding disease-resistance genes.     

2000-2012年陕西省复种指数时空分布及潜力分析

利用MODIS数据,经过去云和Savitzky-Golay平滑处理,根据农作物生长曲线变化特征剔除干扰峰,结合陕西省土地利用数据、统计数据和气象数据,运用地统计趋势分析、年际变化分析和标准差的方法,获取陕西省2000-2012年复种指数时空分布及潜力分布.结果表明:陕西省复种指数地域差异显著,由北向南先增后减,呈现一定的纬度特征.复种指数年际变化也存在地域差异,与地貌类型和农业现代化水平密切相关.陕西省平均复种指数为160.32％,平均复种潜力为184.29％,陕南地区可挖掘潜力最大,其次是陕北地区和关中地区.研究结果可为陕西省农业政策制定及粮食估产提供依据.     

主要农作物秸秆养分资源现状及其肥料替代潜力分析——以安徽省为例

安徽省农作物秸秆资源丰富,充分利用秸秆养分资源对于农田养分投入的合理分配具有重要意义。评估全省主要农作物秸秆还田当季有效养分替代化肥潜力,可为安徽省减肥增效提供科学依据。本研究以安徽种植面积较大的主要农作物水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆、花生和油菜为研究对象,通过查阅安徽省统计数据和公开发表的文献资料,对2017年安徽省主要农作物秸秆数量、秸秆还田率以及还田当季养分利用率进行估算,明晰了全省化肥减施潜力。结果表明:2017年安徽省主要农作物秸秆资源量为4 699.9万t,秸秆资源分布上呈北部和中部较多、南部最少的特征。秸秆养分资源总量为124.8万t,N、P_2O_5和K_2O分别为38.1万t、11.4万t和75.3万t,分别占全省主要农作物养分需求的40.1%、32.1%和68.9%。理论上,秸秆全量还田,且养分充分利用的情况下,秸秆养分替代化肥潜力大。但秸秆养分N、P_2O_5和K_2O当季利用率分别为38.9%、52.3%和69.9%,实际秸秆N、P_2O_5和K_2O养分还田量仅占主要农作物养分需求的15.6%、16.8%和48.2%,分别占农田养分总投入量的8.6%、6.4%和41.4%。通过秸秆还田,全省可减施化肥63.3万t,减施比例为19.8%, N、P_2O_5和K_2O减施比例分别为11.4%、17.2%、40.7%。进一步提高秸秆还田率和当季养分释放率,是推进全省化肥减施增效的有利手段。     

1960—2015年黑龙江省水稻需水量时空分布特征

基于黑龙江省26个气象站1960—2015年逐日气象数据和29个水稻灌溉试验站的作物系数,利用Penman-Monteith方法和Arcmap空间分析功能计算并绘制了1960—1979年、1980—1999年和2000—2015年3个阶段水稻生长季参考作物蒸散量(ET0)、水稻生育期天数、需水量、有效降雨量和需水量与有效降雨量耦合度及相应的气候倾向率分布图。结果表明：水稻生长季ET0平均值为620mm,自西向东总体表现为先减小后增大趋势,风速、湿度、日照时数的减小和温度的升高共同作用导致水稻生长季ET0以-3.90mm/(10a)的平均速度下降;生育期平均天数为115d,自北向南总体表现为增加趋势,温度升高引起了水稻生育期天数以2.68d/(10a)的平均速度增加;水稻生育期有效降雨量平均值为297.03mm,自西向东总体表现为先增大后减小的趋势,生育期天数的增加也弥补了降雨量减小的影响,使有效降雨量以0.62mm/(10a)的平均速度增加;需水量平均值为490.52mm,自西向东总体表现为先减小后增加的趋势,生育期天数的增加弥补了ET0减小对需水量的影响,使研究区内水稻需水量以6.66mm/(10a)的平均速度增加;需水量与有效降雨量耦合度平均值为0.64,自西向东表现为先增加后减小的趋势,需水量增幅大于有效降雨量增幅,使需水量与有效降雨量耦合度总体以-0.009/(10a)速度下降。本研究可为黑龙江省合理分配灌溉水资源和优化水稻品种布局提供依据。     

浙江省国家级重点保护植物的保护现状与保护对策

浙江省蕴藏着丰富的珍稀濒危植物资源,据调查研究,省内有国家级重点保护植物52种.其中,被列为1级重点保护植物的有13种,2级重点保护植物的有39种(包括变种).简要论述了浙江省珍稀濒危植物的保护现状,并提出了相应的保护对策.     

湖南省土地伦理利用研究

近年来,湖南省人地矛盾日益紧张,推行土地伦理利用对可持续发展和建立和谐人地关系有重大意义。该文阐述湖南省土地利用中存在的问题及土地利用伦理的内容,最后提出推进土地伦理利用的对策措施。     

基于MODIS遥感数据和GIS的山东省生态环境状况评价

本文利用山东省MODIS遥感影像,以监督分类方法进行了土地利用／覆被分类,通过GIS的空间分析功能提取出生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数、水网密度指数、土地退化指数、环境质量指数等评价信息,利用构建的生态环境状况指数（EI）模型,进行了山东省生态环境状况的评价。研究结果表明,山东省生态环境状况整体较好,优、良面积占总面积的61．1％,但同时存在环境污染、土地退化、水资源短缺等问题,生态环境较差、差的面积占16．2％。该研究探索了MODIS数据和GIS技术相结合的生态环境状况评价方法,对区域生态环境的保护和改善具有积极意义。     

陕西省秸秆资源能源化潜力评价

农作物秸秆是一种重要的生物质能源。由于滞后的思维方式、传统的观念以及技术落后等问题而造成大量的农作物秸秆仍无法取得高效的利用,陕西省的农作物秸秆资源利用率仅不到30%,剩下的70%多仍为废弃、焚烧等方式粗犷利用,导致环境污染严重、能源大量流失。通过对陕西省2011年的农作物秸秆产量进行分析,利用统计数据,计算出可利用的秸秆资源量,并将可利用秸秆资源量转化成标准煤量,为陕西省秸秆资源利用提供基础数据及决策参考,得出假设:将所有的可收集利用秸秆资源完全用作能源使用,计算得2011年陕西省农作物秸秆可收集利用资源量1 196.82万t,折合标准煤663.56万t,约占当年陕西省总能源消耗的6.55%。