浅谈遗失物拾得制度的完善

我国民法通则对拾得制度的规定过于简略。木文从两个方而论述了如何完善拾得制度:I.应完善拾得人权利与义务的规定;2.应规定拾得人不返还时，如何进行处理。     

猪周期下规模猪场如何使用终端轮回杂交踏准节奏快速增减能繁母猪

近期猪价的大幅持续下跌,让养猪企业再次尝到了持续亏损的痛苦。文章介绍了生猪价格周期（猪周期）的特点和产生原因,并说明了顺猪周期进行养殖规模的调整对于减少商品猪养殖企业亏损的重要性。举例说明了顺猪周期进行能繁母猪数的减少和增加,可减少低猪价期的亏损。介绍了如何利用终端轮回杂交繁育体系在四年一轮回的猪周期踏准节奏进行商品猪的生产。还比较了杜长大三级繁育体系与终端轮回杂交繁育体系的区别,介绍了终端轮回杂交繁育体系的优势、对猪育种的影响和应用前景。     

打浆节水灌溉措施对水稻产量及效益的影响

[目的]研究打浆节水灌溉措施对水稻产量及效益的影响。[方法]运用水田新型打浆整地技术,对打浆节水灌溉、打浆正常灌水、常规节水方法与传统栽培技术下水稻产量与效益进行比较。[结果]打浆免耕节水灌溉措施下虽然产量较常规模式略有下降,但综合分析,打浆节水灌溉总体效益较对照高706.9元/hm~2。[结论]打浆免耕节水灌溉措施具有省工、节能、节水的效果。     

Comparative Morphology and Morphometry of Six Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci （Hemiptera： Aleyrodidae） from China

Morphology and morphometry of six biotypes(B,Q,Cv,ZHJ-1,ZHJ-2 and ZHJ-3) of Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius) from China on cotton plants were studied by using microscopes.Nymphal body sizes and characters were measured and observed,especially on the 4th instar(pupal case),including the vasiform orifice,operculum,lingula,length and thickness of anterior and posterior wax margins,width of thoracic tracheal combs.Adult characters of both sexes were investigated including the body size,compound eyes,antennal segments,vasiform orifice,hind tarsi and genitals.The results indicated that differences of some morphological characters or morphometrics were significant among the six biotypes of B.tabaci in China:(1) Pupal sizes of the exotic biotypes(B and Q) were significantly larger than the indigenous biotypes with the following order as B>Q>ZHJ-1>Cv>ZHJ-3>ZHJ-2;(2) for both male and female adults,sizes of all characters investigated in the invading biotypes(B and Q),especially B,were much larger than those of the indigenous ones.     

郑州市玉米生产成本与收益分析

介绍了郑州市玉米产业发展概况,阐述了研究本课题的意义。以双柳村为例,通过对玉米生产成本结构进行分析,找出了影响玉米生产成本偏高的因素。与其他农作物成本和收益进行比较,分析了玉米成本的变动趋势。据此提出关于玉米降低成本、提高收益的建议。     

Seed priming improves stand establishment and productivity of no till wheat grown after direct seeded aerobic and transplanted flooded rice

No tillage (NT) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) offers a pragmatic option for resolving the time and edaphic conflicts in rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat cropping system (RWS). However, poor stand establishment is an issue in NT wheat, which adversely affects crop growth, grain yield, and profitability. Therefore, a 2-year field study was conducted to assess the potential role of seed priming in improving the stand establishment, grain yield, water productivity and profitability of NT and plough till (PT) wheat grown after direct seeded aerobic (conservation) and puddled transplanted flooded (conventional) rice-based systems. For seed priming, wheat seeds were soaked in aerated water (hydropriming) or solution of CaCl₂ (ψs −1.25 MPa; osmopriming) for 12 h, and non-primed seeds were used as control. After harvest of rice, grown as direct seeded aerobic and puddled transplanted flooded crop, primed and non-primed wheat seeds were sown following NT and PT. In both years, stand establishment of NT wheat after direct seeded aerobic and puddled transplanted flooded rice was impeded. Nonetheless, seed priming improved the stand establishment which was visible through earliness and better uniformity of seedling emergence. Overall, primed seeds completed 50% emergence in 6.4 days, against 7.8 days taken by non-primed seeds in NT wheat. The highest emergence index (41.7) was recorded in primed seeds versus 32.0 for non-primed seeds. Improved stand establishment enhanced growth, grain yield, water productivity and profitability in NT wheat. In this regard, osmopriming was the most effective, and produced grain yield of 4.5 Mg ha⁻¹ against 3.8 Mg ha⁻¹ for non-primed seeds in NT wheat. Water productivity of the NT wheat grown from osmoprimed seeds was 8.72 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ while that from non-primed seeds was 7.21 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹. Among the RWSs, the maximum wheat biomass was produced with PT after direct seeded aerobic rice. However, grain yield, water productivity, and profitability were the highest in NT wheat following direct seeded aerobic rice. Wheat yields grown after direct seeded aerobic rice and transplanted flooded rice were 4.4 and 4.2 Mg ha⁻¹ respectively. Planting NT wheat after direct seeded aerobic rice provided the highest system productivity (1.80) than other RWSs. Thus, seed priming is a viable option to improve the stand establishment, grain yield, water productivity and profitability of NT wheat in the RWS. Nonetheless, osmopriming was a better option than hydropriming in this regard.     

青藏高原东缘3种次生林优势种的种群结构与数量动态

【目的】以青藏高原东缘甘肃南部3种主要次生林为研究对象,探讨其优势种种群结构和数量动态。【方法】选择具有代表性的辽东栎、红桦和糙皮桦种群,各设置8块40 m×40 m的样地,对样地内所有树木进行每木检尺,以测定的胸径数据为基础,以径级代替龄级,将胸径＜3 cm作为Ⅰ龄级,其后以4 cm为标准进行龄级划分,统计各龄级个体数量并进行相关整理后,分析各种群的龄级结构,编制包括死亡率（q_x）、消失率（K_x）和平均期望寿命值（e_x）等参数在内的种群静态生命表,绘制存活曲线,计算考虑外部干扰时的种群数量变化动态指数（Ｖ_pi）、不考虑外部干扰时的种群数量变化动态指数（V′_pi）和对外界干扰所承担的风险概率指数极大值（P_max）,最后对未来经过2,4,6,8个龄级后各种群的数量动态进行时间序列预测,以揭示青藏高原东缘甘肃南部3种次生林优势种的种群现状、种群结构及预测种群未来发展趋势。【结果】① 辽东栎、红桦和糙皮桦3种次生林种群Ⅰ龄级幼苗数量不足,均以Ⅱ龄级幼苗数量最多,分别占种群个体总数的43.62%,30.07%和43.30%;其后随着龄级的增大,种群个体平稳下降,虽然群落为稳定型,但是林木径级较小,各龄级个体数分布不合理。② 辽东栎、红桦、糙皮桦种群的q_x和K_x在Ⅰ龄级最大,q_x分别为78.0%,72.0%和76.2%,K_x依次为151.3%,127.3%和143.5%,且随着龄级的增加,q_x和K_x均逐渐减小;各种群e_x随着龄级增加先增大后减小,辽东栎和红桦均在Ⅵ龄级最大,糙皮桦在Ⅴ龄级最大;种群结构均呈增长型,且存活曲线趋近于Deevery-Ⅲ型。③ 3种次生林种群结构的V_pi大于V′_pi且均大于0,P_max也均大于0,说明 3种次生林均属于对外界干扰敏感的增长型种群。④ 时间序列预测结果表明,未来经过2,4,6,8个龄级后,各种群个体发展呈增长趋势,但辽东栎和红桦种群在发展过程中存在波动性,表现出前期略减、后期稳定的特征。【结论】3种次生林种群结构和发展趋势均呈稳定增长型,但是Ⅰ龄级幼苗数量不足,应采取禁牧、禁采等措施,保护幼苗成活,保证种群的更新发展。     

中国对东北亚木质林产品出口增长模式分析——基于三元边际模型的测算

东北亚地区是中国重要的木质林产品出口市场,但近年来中国对东北亚地区木质林产品出口增幅日益减小。文中选取2000-2015年中国对东北亚地区木质林产品出口贸易数据,利用三元边际模型分析中国对东北亚地区木质林产品的出口增长模式。结果表明,在2000-2015年中国对东北亚地区木质林产品的出口增长驱动因素中,出口数量始终是最主要的。为刺激中国对东北亚地区木质林产品出口再增长,应加强国内森林认证体系的发展,坚持林产企业供给侧改革,实现"数量价格双驱动"的出口增长模式。     

板栗新病害褐缘叶枯病及病原鉴定

板栗(Castanea mollissima)在山东省是一重要的干果树种.自2004年起,山东泰安、济南、潍坊、临沂等地相继发生一种新的叶部病害,板栗感病后,叶片上产生褐色的斑点,随后病斑迅速扩大,呈不规则大面积干枯,9月中、下旬开始大量落叶,10月中、下旬二次发芽抽稍,新发枝稍冬季枯死,极易诱发板栗疫病,引起树木整株死亡.近年来,该病逐年加重.2006年对泰安市徂徕山林场600hm2板栗林调查,发病率为100%,800余株10～15年生板栗树死亡,2007年死亡9000余株,减产近12万kg.为控制该病害的危害,生产上迫切需要确诊出该病害及病原,2006-2009年,笔者对该病害进行了系统的研究,旨在为研究病害的发生发展规律和防治措施的制定提供理论依据.     

Sustainable use of non-timber forest products: Impact of fruit harvesting on Pentadesma butyracea regeneration and financial analysis of its products trade in Benin

Pentadesma butyracea Sabine (Clusiaceae) is a multi-purpose tree that provides non-timber forest products (NTFPs). In particular, fruit almonds can be transformed into butter for cooking and cosmetics. During the present study, the following hypotheses were tested: (i) diameter structure of P. butyracea populations is independent of its fruit gathering intensity; (ii) P. butyracea seedling and sapling density and origin are independent of its fruit gathering intensity; (iii) P. butyracea fruit gathering and processing of its almonds are profitable activities and (iv) P. butyracea fruit collectors and almond transformers are receiving the lowest marketing margins in the commercial channel. The class distribution in the low-intensity harvesting sites showed a typical inverse J-shaped curve whereas the high-intensity harvesting ones showed an almost bell curve (G² = 23.93, p = 0.0008). After data analysis, all hypotheses turned out to be wrong except the hypothesis (iii). In order to assess the effects of fruit harvesting on natural regeneration of P. butyracea, we compared seedling and sapling density of regeneration originating from seeds and roots suckers in plots that had been differentiated according to fruit harvesting intensity. These plots were laid out in riparian forests, which are the natural habitats for the species in Benin. Observed seedling and sapling density was high (13,872 ± 7886 seedlings and saplings/ha) in low-intensity harvesting sites but very low (4200 ± 3810 seedlings and saplings/ha) in high-intensity harvesting sites (F = 17.16; p = 0.0006). However, there was no significant difference between root sucker density in either type of harvesting site (F = 0.79; p = 0.3861). Collection of P. butyracea fruits and subsequent processing of its almonds into butter is an important source of income for women involved in these activities. Commercial margin analysis showed that these women involved in almonds and butter trade, far from being exploited by traders, recuperate between 49% and 80% of the price paid by the consumer, depending on the quality of the product and the length of commercial channel used.