响应面分析法优化香蕉皮多酚提取工艺的研究

[目的]利用响应面分析法优化香蕉皮多酚的提取工艺。[方法]固定料液比为1∶10,以乙醇浓度、提取温度及提取时间为响应因子,多酚提取率为响应值,采用3因素3水平的响应面分析,建立数学模型,并得出最佳工艺条件。[结果]利用响应面分析法获得的提取香蕉皮多酚的最佳工艺条件为：乙醇浓度65.00%,提取温度83.00℃,提取时间2.50 h,该条件下提取2次,香蕉皮多酚提取率达1.77%。[结论]为香蕉皮的利用提供科学依据,增加了香蕉的附加值。     

杨桃若干品种及贮藏期间多酚氧化酶活性的变化

[目的]为抑制杨桃贮藏与加工过程中发生的酶促褐变提供理论依据。[方法]以8种酚类物质作底物,采用分光光度计法测定不同杨桃品种果实及其贮藏过程中多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的变化情况。[结果]5个甜杨桃品种果实中测有PPO活性,该活性均强烈催化焦性没食子酸的氧化反应,但对绿原酸的氧化活性很弱。不同杨桃品种的PPO活性有很大差异,蜜丝甜杨桃PPO对焦性没食子酸的氧化活性明显高于其他品种,而酸杨桃PPO活性极弱。甜杨桃PPO对焦性没食子酸的Km值为3.79~6.80 mmol/L,其Km值因品种不同而异。在果实贮藏期间,3个甜杨桃品种果实中的PPO活性均呈先降再升高而后又降低的变化趋势。[结论]在杨桃制品的加工中宜选用酸杨桃、新加坡红杨桃、马来西亚1号杨桃等PPO活性低的杨桃品种作为加工原料,以有利于酶促褐变的抑制。     

桑籽皮多酚的提取工艺研究

通过单因素试验,分析了不同浸提剂、浸提剂浓度、料液比、浸提时间、浸提温度5个因素对桑籽皮多酚提取量的影响,通过正交试验,确定了桑籽皮多酚的最佳提取条件为:浸提剂(丙酮)体积分数为70%,料液比1∶35,回流温度45℃,回流时间1.5h。在此提取条件下,提取量达到1.332mg/g干籽皮,为桑籽皮多酚的工业化提取提供科学依据。     

不同石榴品种果实成熟期酚类物质组分与含量分析

【目的】为了揭示不同石榴品种成熟期果实酚类物质组分与含量的差异,【方法】以‘水晶甜’、‘红宝石’和‘绿宝石’3个不同果色表现型(白皮、红皮、绿皮)石榴品种为试材,利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分别测定其果皮、种子和果汁中酚类物质的组分与含量。【结果】各石榴品种果皮和种子中共检测到13种酚类物质,果汁中检测到12种,未检测到表儿茶素。不同品种同一部位酚类物质含量差异显著,在果皮、种子和果汁中‘绿宝石’石榴多酚含量最高,‘水晶甜’果皮和果汁中多酚含量最低,‘红宝石’种子中多酚含量最低。各石榴品种不同部位多酚的总量均是果皮(5.957 mg·g-1)最高,主要成分为对羟基苯甲酸、表儿茶素和儿茶素;果汁(1.037 mg·g-1)次之,主要成分为儿茶素和对羟基苯甲酸;种子(0.295 mg·g-1)含量最低,主要成分为根皮苷和儿茶素。【结论】石榴不同品种不同部位酚类物质含量存在显著差异。     

小麦籽粒多酚氧化酶（PPO）检测方法的优化及其在育种中的应用

降低小麦中多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,减缓面粉制品的褐化,是重要的育种目标之一。为了更好地服务于低PPO育种,本研究对检测PPO活性的原苯酚染色法进行了优化,更好地发挥了其鉴别力强、结果稳定、对种子活力伤害小等优点,便于育种者使用。苯酚染色和分子标记结果对比发现,染色结果可以很好地反映亲本(或高代)材料中PPO的基因型,特别在低PPO材料中吻合更好。对大量亲本和世代材料的籽粒染色发现,PPO不仅存在于种皮中,其活性还是由种皮基因型决定的,后代PPO性状表现出母性遗传和加性效应的特点,控制高PPO特性的两个主效基因之间具有明显的代偿作用。PPO性状遗传相对简单,纯合较快,F2以后籽粒的染色程度以单株为单位发生分离。尽管染色是针对种皮基因型的,但PPO基因的这些遗传特点和小麦的自交特性,使染色结果同样可以预测后代单株的分离前途。这一优化的籽粒染色法在低PPO育种中的有效性是可以肯定的。     

Dough rheological properties and noodle-making performance of non-waxy and waxy whole-wheat flour blends

Dough rheological properties and noodle-making performance of non-waxy whole-wheat flour (WWF) with partial- or full-waxy (PW- or FW-) WWF substitution were studied. The substitution levels were 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 g/kg, respectively. FW-WWF reduced the peak viscosity and pasting temperature of WWF blends as its substitution level was increased due to its higher proportions of B-type starch granules and short amylopectin chains, while PW-WWF increased peak viscosity with the increasing substitution level because of its higher amylopectin content. As demonstrated by farinograph and rheometer measurements, FW-WWF interfered with gluten development because of the increased competition for water by arabinoxylans and amylopectin; however, PW-WWF enhanced dough strength due primarily to its increased protein content. Consequently, FW-WWF showed a detrimental effect on cooked noodle texture as the cooked noodle hardness was reduced by 50% at the 1000 g/kg substitution level. In contrast, PW-WWF enhanced noodle integrity and elasticity by increasing cooked noodle cohesiveness and resilience by 10.1% and 14.8%, respectively, at the 1000 g/kg substitution level. The results suggest that with waxy WWF substitution, the changes in starch composition, arabinoxylans, and protein content could modify the interactions among flour components and influence the quality characteristics of noodle products.     

252份墨西哥CIMMYT小麦多酚氧化酶的活性差异及品种筛选

[目的]为低PPO活性小麦品种的选育提供参考信息。[方法]按Anderson和Morris等方法并作部分修改对引进的252份墨西哥CIMMYT小麦品种的多酚氧化酶活性进行测定。[结果]PPO活性主要受基因型影响;不同品种间PPO活性相差很大。252份墨西哥CIMMYT小麦的多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的范围为54.00~285.78AU/(min·g)。其中小于100.00AU/(min·g)的品种有46个,200.00AU/(min·g)以上的有37个,其余皆为100.00~200.00AU/(min·g)。品种PPO活性分布在100.00~200.00AU/(min·g)的个数较多,而在<100.00AU/(min·g)和>200.00AU/(min·g)范围则分布较少,基本上呈正态分布。[结论]通过育种途径可改善小麦制品颜色褐变的现象。筛选出PPO活性低于100.00AU/(min·g)的46个的墨西哥CIMMYT小麦品种,可作为小麦品质育种的材料。     

榛属植物多酚提取方法的研究

植物多酚具有极强的抗氧化、抑菌、抗炎、防辐射、降血压等生理活性.为有效开发利用东北野生榛属资源,以东北野生平榛、毛榛为试验材料,以榛叶为提取对象,采用溶剂萃取法超声波辅助处理的提取方法,对2种榛属多酚进行提取分离,以确定榛属多酚提取分离最优方法.通过单因素试验及正交试验获得的最佳提取条件为:80％乙醇作为提取剂,料液比为1∶14 g/ml,75℃,浸提3h,浸提2次,超声波辅助40 min.在此条件下榛叶总多酚得率为2.565 6％.取材上,平榛与毛榛间差异不显著,但取材时间上差异显著,8月取材总多酚得率最高.     

Influence of selenium on oxidoreductive enzymes activity in soil and in plants

The aim of this greenhouse experiment was the assessment of the influence of H₂SeO₃ at soil concentrations of 0.05, 0.15 and 0.45 mmol kg⁻¹, on the activity of selected oxidoreductive enzymes in wheat (Triticum aestivum). The wheat plants were grown in 2 dm³ pots filled with dust-silt black soil of pH 7.7. Applied H₂SeO₃ caused activation of plant nitrate reductase at all concentrations, but activation of plant polyphenol oxidase at only two lower concentrations. The highest concentration caused inhibition of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase. Plant catalase activity decreased under the influence of 0.15 and 0.45 mmol kg⁻¹ concentration. After the final analysis Se was quantified in plants and soil. The amounts in plants were: control (unamended soil) 1.95 mg kg⁻¹; I dose (0.05 mmol kg⁻¹) 18.27 mg kg⁻¹; II dose (0.15 mmol kg⁻¹) 33.20 mg kg⁻¹ and III dose (0.45 mmol kg⁻¹) 38.37 mg kg⁻¹, in soil: 0.265 mg kg⁻¹; 3.61 mg kg⁻¹; 10.53 mg kg⁻¹; 30.53 mg kg⁻¹; respectively. Simultaneously, a laboratory experiment was performed, where the activity of soil catalase and peroxidase were tested after 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 112 days after Se treatment. Peroxidase activity in soil decreased with increasing Se content, over the whole experiment. The lowest dose of Se caused activation a significant 10% increase in catalase activity, but the influence of others doses was unclear.