Evaluating the Benefits of Equine Massage Therapy: A Review of the Evidence and Current Practices

Following the lead of human athletic training, equine massage therapy is becoming a more common part of the management of equine athletes and pleasure horses alike. The basic science rationale for massage is supported by research indicating that massage may affect a number of physiologic systems as well as cellular and fascial components of the muscular system. Equine therapeutic massage, or sports massage, employs a number of techniques first developed in humans and has been reported to increase range of motion and stride length, reduce activity of nociceptive pain receptors, and reduce physiologic stress responses. Additional preliminary research indicates that massage therapy also may improve some aspects of exercise recovery. Although important evidence has begun to document the potential benefits of massage therapy for equine athletes, the current review may say less about the true clinical effects of massage therapy than it does about the current state of research in this field. Additional prospective study of massage therapy using sufficient scientific rigor will be necessary to provide veterinarians, trainers, and owners with definitive data and scientifically based confidence in the use of equine massage. In the meantime, the preliminary research, anecdotal positive effects, and case studies indicating potential benefit are not to be ignored; equine massage therapy already plays a valuable practical role in the care and training of many equine athletes.     

天然次生林中乔木树种的种间关系

创建了局部联结度指数构造模型，构造了一种与密度相关的联结度指数及相应的显著性检验统计量，证明了经典联结度检验统计量是本模型的特例。应用联结度定义研究了帽儿山林场的固定标准地数据10个树种的联结关系，得到了几个有显著联结度的树种关系，并捡测到白桦与山杨间随年龄而变化的联结关系。     

Indexing of spatial patterns of trees using a mean of angles

The assessment of information relating to the spatial patterns of individual trees is becoming an increasingly important aspect of forest research and practical forestry. Numerous methods have been proposed over the years, with foresters preferring rapid methods able to provide statistically confident information. The Mean of Angles is one of the simplest of these methods. It is applicable for revealing complete spatial randomness (CSR) or the presence of clustering or regularity. We have tested the potential of the arithmetic mean of angles to serve as a practical measure of the degree of regularity or clustering. This study was conducted by applying random point sampling in various simulated theoretical point populations. The Mean of Angles method deserves consideration as a practical option for examining the spatial patterns of trees in forests. We suggest that the arithmetic mean of angles cannot be completely relied upon for indexing spatial patterns, but this deficiency can be overcome by examining the frequency distributions of angular measurements.     

透视条件的反求

无论是手工绘制还是计算机绘制的效果图上,进行修改或增绘造型物时,都必须求出透视条件,文章以长立方体为例,论述了一点、两点、三点透视中心、视点、视距、视高、画面偏角、画面倾角和画面迹线等透视条件的求做方法。     

多年生人工草地矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)种群空间格局与种内关联性

植物种群空间分布格局不仅反映植物的空间分布特点,还有助于研究者了解植物利用资源的现状和生存能力。本研究以矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)为研究对象,按株丛斑块面积将矮生嵩草分为小斑块级株丛(0～30 cm²)、中斑块级株丛(30～80 cm²)和大斑块级株丛(>80 cm²)3个株丛级,采用点格局分析的g函数统计方法,分析了矮生嵩草各级株丛的空间格局及关联性。结果表明：矮生嵩草种群中小斑块级株丛占比高于中斑块、大斑块级株丛占比,种群中幼苗充足,正处于稳定的增长阶段;矮生嵩草小斑块、中斑块、大斑块级株丛在小尺度范围内表现为聚集分布,随着尺度的增大,所有株丛斑块的聚集程度减弱,逐渐趋向于随机分布;小斑块与中斑块、大斑块的矮生嵩草株丛在小尺度内表现为正关联。斑块聚集分布和相互共存是矮生嵩草的一种生存策略。     

利用投影图解法求同轴的圆与椭圆的交点

用投影图解法可以求同轴的圆与椭圆的交点,本文阐述了其作图原理和方法.     

Development of Pinus sylvestris Main Stems Following Three Different Precommercial Thinning Methods in a Mixed Stand

Reducing competition by point cleaning may be an attractive alternative to conventional precommercial thinning in forestry. In this study, survival and development of main stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) following point cleaning were examined in a mixed stand of mainly Scots pine and birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in northern Sweden. Treatments studied were: no precommercial thinning, conventional precommercial thinning, point cleaning of all secondary stems, and point cleaning of only the secondary stems that were higher than the main stem, within a radius of 0.8 m from the main stem, respectively. A randomised complete block design with three replicates was used. Measurements taken 13 growing seasons after these treatments showed that conventional precommercial thinning was the best treatment for retaining Scots pines as main stems. However, conventional precommercial thinning resulted in the poorest timber quality of the remaining Scots pines in terms of stem taper, thickest branch diameter and relative live crown height. In conclusion, point cleaning has to be followed by a complementary cleaning operation if the objective is to retain Scots pines as main stems in such mixed stands.     

集体化时期农村经济分配档案述论——以江苏祖堂大队为例

以江苏祖堂大队为例，集中描述和评论了集体化时期的经济分配档案，并提出一些可能的研究方向。具体分为三部分：经济分配方案、归户计算表和工分及基本肥结算表。档案资料几乎涵盖农村所有经济方面的信息，既有生产队层次更有农户层次。是研究集体化时期农村经济和农户经济行为的宝贵资料。