基于倾向值匹配方法的土地督察制度的耕地保护效应研究

[目的]评估土地督察对耕地保护的效果以及解决样本选择带来的内生性问题,进一步完善土地督察制度提供理论支持。[方法]收集1999—2008年的省级面板数据,基于倾向值匹配分析估计土地督察的耕地保护效果。[结果](1)通过匹配变量的平衡性检验,最终采用了内核匹配方法。运用内核匹配法进行匹配估算,专项督察每年减少建设占用耕地面积8 037.489hm~2,例行督察每年减少建设占用耕地面积62 741.880hm~2。(2)专项督查地区的选择并非随机产生的,由此产生了样本选择偏误,即由于样本选择产生的内生性问题,采用倾向值匹配方法能够更为准确地估算专项督查的耕地保护效果。(3)例行督察对地区的选择相对专项督查而言,随机性更强,督察也更为全面,因此样本选择偏误也较小。以被督察地区面积比重表达政策变量方式估计得到的例行督查耕地保护效果要比倾向值匹配方法估计得到的结果更为可靠。[结论]例行督察的耕地保护效果较好。在土地政策评估中,需要考虑政策及其对象的相互关系的不同,以此考虑政策效果评估方法的选择。     

基于ELES模型的中国城镇居民食品消费结构实证分析

基于ELES模型,利用2012年31个省份城镇居民家庭人均可支配收入和食品消费支出数据,对中国城镇居民食品消费结构情况进行研究,回归得到各类食品的边际消费倾向、收入弹性和自价格弹性。研究表明,城镇居民食品消费边际倾向中,在外用餐最高,其次为水产品、肉禽及制品;水产品、糕点类、在外用餐类的需求增长率高于收入增长率;蔬菜、粮食、肉禽及制品等基本食品消费的自价格弹性较低,水产品、糕点类、外出用餐的自价格弹性较高。     

2000～2009年重庆市城乡居民收入与消费差异

选取重庆市2000-2009年城市居民与农村居民收入与消费的有关数据指标,采用实证分析法与比较分析法,从总体水平、消费结构、地域差异等方面进行了对比分析。结果表明,收入水平是影响城乡居民消费需求最直接、最根本的因素,并最终决定着城乡居民的消费层次和消费结构;重庆市城乡居民的消费结构呈现出明显的二元状态,城乡差距明显;重庆市城乡居民收入与消费低于全国平均水平,尤其是农村居民;重庆市＂一圈两翼＂之间农村居民的人均收入和人均消费差距都很明显。提出了完善财政转移支付制度、加快城镇化进程、统筹城乡产业发展、引导农民树立正确的消费观念等政策建议。     

不同施氮水平对花生结瘤与供氮和产量的影响

无机氮肥的施用量对花生根瘤的形成和发育有不同抑制作用。亩施氮2.5kg时,单株根瘤数和根瘤干重比亩施氮0kg显著减少(P<0.05),根瘤形成时间推迟。随着施氮水平拉高,抑制作用加强。 花生植株氮素营养随不同施氮水平发生相应变比。苗期、花针期,植株含氮量随施氮水平提高而提高,成熟期,植株含氮量随施氮水平提高而下降,而随植株根瘤数和根瘤干重增加而提高。结荚期为花生植株含氮高峰期,随后下降,但苗期施氮高时,植株含氮高峰则提前于花针期,随后迅速下降。 花生荚果产量以 NZ;最高,N服低。     

农村居民平均住房消费倾向及其影响因素分析

以持久收入假说为基础,利用多因素线性效用函数构建多元回归模型,估计了中国农村居民的住房消费函数,并估算出了平均消费倾向。对农村住房平均消费倾向及其影响因素进行了实证分析。结果表明,实际收入增长率、恩格尔系数、住房面积、居民平均储蓄倾向、消费习惯、住房面积与价值是农村住房平均消费倾向的主要影响因素。     

我国农村居民消费问题研究

采用线性回归方法分别测算了农村和城市居民的边际消费倾向,从制度因素、基础设施、营销工作、信贷环境、群体影响等方面分析了农村居民消费倾向较低的原因,提出了提高农村居民边际消费倾向的思路。     

不同结荚习性大豆株型特征与产量表现

对不同结荚习性大豆品种的株型特征、生长动态、光合能力等进行了比较研究,探讨其产量形成的机制.试验结果表明,有限结荚习性品种与亚有限结荚习性品种株型间有明显的差异,亚有限结荚习性品种株高、节数和茎粗的最大生长速率较大,出现时间较晚,能促进干物质的后期积累;有限结荚习性品种铁丰29号和沈农6号的叶柄角度较大,分枝角度较小,利于光在作物群体内的分布,冠层光合速率较高,能加速光合产物的形成.在人工光源条件下,有限结荚习性品种的光合速率高于亚有限结荚习性品种,但两者均可获得较高的产量,说明决定大豆产量形成的因素十分复杂.     

Assessing the impact of non-governmental organization's extension programs on sustainable cocoa production and household income in Ghana

Globally, cocoa is famous for the production of chocolates and beverages. However, it also serves as a source of raw material for the manufacturing of high-quality cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Due to its high demand, cocoa is regarded as a major commodity for poverty alleviation in deprived cocoa farming communities. Government has therefore instigated relevant measures to address issues facing the sector by investing in extension programs. These programs act as information dissemination tools for teaching modern farming technologies and enhancing learning among farmers. This study highlighted the effects of the Cocoa Life Project(CLP) by Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere(CARE) International on farm productivity and income of 200 cocoa farmers in three districts of the Eastern Region, Ghana. Regression on covariates, Heckman's treatment effects model, and propensity scores were used to test the robustness of the estimates. A positive association between extension program participation, farm productivity, and household income was discovered. Specifically, after correcting for selection bias, the estimated results of the Heckman's model showed that the extension program significantly increased participating farmers' cocoa yield by 14.3%. The effects on total farm income showed a significant increase of 25.1 and 42.9%, respectively from regression on propensity scores and the Heckman's model. Across all three models, program participation led to an increase in total household income by 46.1, 31.7, and 69.3%, respectively. Other variables such as farming characteristics, institutional and demographic factors affected farmers' income, depending on the estimation method used. This study reiterated the supporting role played by extension programs in enhancing cocoa production and increasing household income in Ghana. Conclusively, government and development partners should invest in extension programs by providing enough logistics, training qualified agents, and creating a conducive atmosphere to support learning and technology adoption.     

Adoption of small-scale irrigation technologies and its impact on land productivity: Evidence from Rwanda

In an attempt to identify solutions to the effects of erratic rainfall patterns and droughts that limit agricultural production growth, the Rwandan government has recently increased investments in irrigation development. In this study, we analyze the adoption of small-scale irrigation technologies (SSITs) and its impact on land productivity using cross-sectional data from a sample of 360 farmers in Rwanda. The study uses the propensity score matching technique to address potential self-selection bias. Our results reveal that adoption decisions are significantly influenced by factors such as education, farm size, group membership, gender, extension services, access to credit, access to weather forecast information, risk perceptions, access to a reliable source of water for irrigation, awareness of rainwater harvesting techniques, and awareness of subsidy programs. In addition, the results show that the adoption of SSITs has a significantly positive impact on land productivity. The study concludes with policy implications that highlight the need to promote the adoption of SSITs among farmers as a strategy to improve agricultural productivity and food security in Rwanda.     

不同结荚习性大豆品种生育特性的研究

通过对不同结荚习性大豆品种各生育阶段的长短、生长发育的速度和植株上、中、下各部位的产量分布、子粒内含品质的测定,明确了不同结荚习性大豆品种各自的生育规律与特点。结果表明,不同结荚习性大豆品种子粒的大小和子粒蛋白质与脂肪总含量与子粒产量在各部位分布的规律基本一致。研究还进一步讨论了不同结荚习性大豆品种的形成机理、子实产量形成的重点时期与部位及其对环境条件的适应特点与分布规律,以及在优质高产栽培中应注重其不同的重点促进期。