兰州地区草地早熟禾水分最优调亏灌溉模式

草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)在北方城市园林绿化中应用广泛,干旱是限制其生长的主要因子,但冷季型草坪草在经受适度干旱胁迫再复水后普遍存在着补偿或激发效应。因此,研究草地早熟禾在兰州地区的调亏灌溉方法意义重大。本研究以兰州地区绿化常用的冷季型草坪草草地早熟禾为研究对象,使其在春、夏、秋三季的灌水量从对照下降到各处理的灌溉下限后复水至对照,每个季节至少经历3次"干旱胁迫-复水"的循环过程。通过田间试验测定不同程度干旱胁迫以及复水处理条件(对照灌溉下限:70%~80%FWC,处理Ⅰ:65%~56%FWC,处理Ⅱ:55%~46%FWC,处理Ⅱ:45%~36%FWC,处理Ⅳ:35%~26%FWC,处理Ⅴ:25%~16%FWC,FWC为田间持水量)下其在各生长季节的蒸散量、草坪质量、生理指标,分析草地早熟禾在该地区的耗水规律,以确定不同季节最适宜的灌水量,从而为节水灌溉提供理论支持。结果表明,春秋季,处理Ⅰ对草地早熟禾的各指标无影响,处理Ⅱ和处理Ⅲ使其各指标产生显著变化,而处理Ⅳ和处理Ⅴ使其各指标的变化程度进一步增大;夏季,处理Ⅱ对草地早熟禾产生显著影响,但复水后各指标可完全恢复,而其它处理使其各指标变化程度更大,复水后很难完全恢复。因此,兰州地区适合于草地早熟禾的最低灌溉下限:春季和秋季为40%FWC,夏季为50%FWC。     

NaCl胁迫对3种草地早熟禾种子萌发特性的影响

用室内模拟的方法,对"午夜""新歌来德""抢手股"3种草地早熟禾种子进行4种不同浓度(0、1、1.5、2mmol·L-1)的NaCl溶液盐胁迫试验,结果表明:盐浓度越高,植物受到的盐胁迫越大;3种早熟禾种子中,发芽率、胚根长度和胚芽长度最高的均为午夜种子,最低的为抢手股种子。午夜种子的综合能力较强,最适合应用于抗盐碱土地中,新歌来德次之,而抢手股不适合种植在盐碱地中。     

干旱胁迫及复水对硬质早熟禾细胞保护酶活性的影响

为了挖掘早熟禾抗旱机理,以黑龙江硬质早熟禾作为供试材料,与国外引进品种统治者、印第安酋长进行比较,采用连续干旱胁迫及复水处理,研究其细胞保护酶活性与抗旱性相适应的关系。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,3个品种的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性大小依次为:硬质早熟禾印第安酋长统治者,表明硬质早熟禾在复水后其细胞内过氧化氢酶的活力恢复速度最快。     

高温胁迫对3种草地早熟禾蛋白质的影响

对北方地区常用的3 种草地早熟禾品种超级歌来德、纳苏、兰肯进行高温处理,结果表明：在昼夜38益/30益的高温下,超级歌来德具有较好的草坪质量和较高的叶绿素含量,纳苏居中,兰肯表现最差;3 个品种质蛋白和膜蛋白的含量均降低,但在第28 d 超级歌来德的含量高于纳苏和兰肯。利用SDS-PAGE 分析检测到了质蛋白（54、66 和85 kDa）和膜蛋白（18、24、57 和72 kDa）但在超级歌来德中出现时间最早。耐热的草地早熟禾品种在高温胁迫下具有较高的蛋白质含量,并且热激蛋白合成较早。     

呼和浩特地区不同播种方式下草地早熟禾返青状况分析

呼和浩特地区的秋播草地早熟禾幼苗存在返青困难的问题。调查不同播种时期和播种方式建植的草地早熟禾草坪的未返青植株生育期的分布,取得如下结论：提早播种,播种前使用耙将5一lOcm的土层疏松,播后适度增加镇压强度等措施都有利于草地早熟禾的返青。草地早熟禾越冬前分蘖数达到4个即可安全越冬。     

再生水灌溉草坪观赏品质及其综合评价

为了缓解城市水资源紧张状况,扩大污水资源化力度,确保高质量的都市草坪,在永乐店试验站进行了再生水灌溉草坪的试验研究。采用7种水分处理:清水适宜灌、混合适宜灌、再生水充分灌、再生水适宜灌、再生水轻微干旱胁迫、再生水中度干旱胁迫、再生水重度干旱胁迫,其相应灌溉下限分别为田间持水量70%、70%、80%、70%、60%、50%、40%,灌水定额相同。研究结果表明:不同灌溉水质下,与再生水适宜灌和混合适宜灌处理相比,试验后期清水适宜灌坪草叶宽减小,分蘖减少,颜色、盖度及均一性分值降低;再生水灌溉不同水分处理下,整个生育期内草坪的观赏品质随土壤水分含量的增大而提高;模糊综合评判结果显示,再生水充分灌模式下草坪观赏品质综合表现最好,清水适宜灌较再生水轻微干旱胁迫稍差,再生水重度干旱胁迫最差。     

冷地型草坪草耐热机理初探——Ⅰ.草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.)在热境胁迫下叶片叶绿素含量和POD酶活性的变化

草地早熟禾在持续高温（37～38℃）胁迫下表现为叶绿素相对含量下降,POD酶活性在处理2d时表现为下降,4d及4d后则明显提高。耐热品种较不耐热品种的叶片POD酶活性无论是适温（25℃）还是高温（38℃）下一般均较高。热境下有较高的POD酶活性可能是植株体耐热的主要原因之一。     

植物无融合生殖发生因素解析及其在草地早熟禾育种中的应用前景展望

从遗传控制、环境影响、倍性影响、激素水平和矿物质调控以及无孢子起始细胞出现的时间和位置5个方面综述了影响植物无融合生殖胚发生发育的主要因素,旨在系统了解植物无融合生殖的发生机理。同时分析了草地早熟禾无融合生殖研究的现状和制约瓶颈,阐释和展望了无融合生殖方式在草地早熟禾育种中的优势所在、理论与应用价值和种质创制前景,使之为后续草地早熟禾优良新品种的选育和应用实践提供理论依据。     

Shifts in rhizosphere microbial communities and enzyme activity of Poa alpina across an alpine chronosequence

This study quantifies the influence of Poa alpina on the soil microbial community in primary succession of alpine ecosystems, and whether these effects are controlled by the successional stage. Four successional sites representative of four stages of grassland development (initial, 4 years (non-vegetated); pioneer, 20 years; transition, 75 years; mature, 9500 years old) on the Rotmoos glacier foreland, Austria, were sampled. The size, composition and activity of the microbial community in the rhizosphere and bulk soil were characterized using the chloroform-fumigation extraction procedure, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and measurements of the enzymes β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase and sulfatase. The interplay between the host plant and the successional stage was quantified using principal component (PCA) and multidimensional scaling analyses. Correlation analyses were applied to evaluate the relationship between soil factors (C_org, N_t, C/N ratio, pH, ammonium, phosphorus, potassium) and microbial properties in the bulk soil. In the pioneer stage microbial colonization of the rhizosphere of P. alpina was dependent on the reservoir of microbial species in the bulk soil. As a consequence, the rhizosphere and bulk soil were similar in microbial biomass (ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen (NHR-N)), community composition (PLFA), and enzyme activity. In the transition and mature grassland stage, more benign soil conditions stimulated microbial growth (NHR-N, total amount of PLFA, bacterial PLFA, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria), and microbial diversity (Shannon index H) in the rhizosphere either directly or indirectly through enhanced carbon allocation. In the same period, the rhizosphere microflora shifted from a G⁻ to a more G⁺, and from a fungal to a more bacteria-dominated community. Rhizosphere β-xylosidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, and sulfatase activity peaked in the mature grassland soil, whereas rhizosphere leucine aminopeptidase, β-glucosidase, and phosphatase activity were highest in the transition stage, probably because of enhanced carbon and nutrient allocation into the rhizosphere due to better growth conditions. Soil organic matter appeared to be the most important driver of microbial colonization in the bulk soil. The decrease in soil pH and soil C/N ratio mediated the shifts in the soil microbial community composition (bacPLFA, bacPLFA/fungPLFA, G⁻, G⁺/G⁻). The activities of β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase and phosphatase were related to soil ammonium and phosphorus, indicating that higher decomposition rates enhanced the nutrient availability in the bulk soil. We conclude that the major determinants of the microflora vary along the successional gradient: in the pioneer stage the rhizosphere microflora was primarily determined by the harsh soil environment; under more favourable environmental conditions, however, the host plant selected for a specific microbial community that was related to the dynamic interplay between soil properties and carbon supply.