膜下滴灌水氮耦合对烤烟综合效益的影响

为了寻求贵州烟区膜下滴灌条件下烤烟优质高产的水氮耦合方案,设计不同滴灌量与施氮量处理,观测不同处理对烤烟品质、产量和灌溉水利用效率的影响,计算不同处理膜下滴灌工程的经济效益(国民经济内部收益率,经济净现值,经济效益费用比),并引入主成分分析方法与熵权系数评价模型,对水氮耦合方案进行优选。结果表明,T5处理为膜下滴灌条件下综合效益最优的水氮处理,熵权评价值为0.934;T6次之;T7最差,熵权值仅为0.611。因此伸根期、旺长期、成熟期滴灌量12、16、12mm/次,施氮量75kg/hm2可作为贵州烟区膜下滴灌工程烤烟优质高产的水氮耦合方案。     

大田土壤耕作层覆膜防渗灌溉栽培水稻研究

为了推广应用一种新的覆膜栽培水稻方法——覆膜防渗灌溉,对比分析了土壤耕作层覆膜防渗灌溉与常规灌溉条件下水稻的耗水量、水稻生长分蘖状况、水稻产量及土壤中氮磷钾营养元素的变化情况。结果表明,防渗灌溉能明显减少灌溉用水量,较常规灌溉节水9.54%。防渗灌溉可减少土壤中的肥力损失,能有效阻隔土壤中速效钾的淋溶损失。防渗灌溉与常规灌溉的耗水系数分别为711和786 kg/kg,灌耗比分别为0.5和0.6。防渗灌溉降低灌溉水在总耗水量中的比重,减少渗漏损失提高水分利用率。     

The effect of plastic mulch on the fate of urea-N in rain-fed maize production in a semiarid environment as assessed by 15N-labeling

A better understanding of the fate of fertilizer nitrogen (N) is critical to design appropriate N management strategies in plastic-mulched croplands. We evaluated the effects of plastic mulch on urea-N recovery by crops and loss from soil in furrow-ridge plots, with and without maize (Zea mays L.) cropping, in a semi-arid rain-fed site in China. We applied the same rate of urea-N (281 kg ha⁻¹) to all treatments during the preparation of the furrow-ridges in 2011 and 2012 but ¹⁵N-labeled the urea in 2011 only. We used transparent film to cover all soil surfaces in the mulched treatments and seeded maize in furrows in treatments with crop. In 2011, plastic mulch increased the total N uptake in the aboveground biomass of maize by 53%, whereas it decreased the in-season labeled-N uptake by 19%, compared to non-mulched treatment. At harvest in 2011, in mulched treatments the total labeled-N remaining in the 0−170 cm soil layer was 25% greater whereas unaccounted labeled-N was 69% less, than in non-mulched treatments, regardless of whether maize was cropped. In 2012 the effect of mulch on total maize N uptake was comparable to that in 2011, but the residual soil labeled-N uptake by maize was 63% higher in mulched compared to non-mulched treatment. At harvest in 2012, plastic mulch increased total labeled-N remaining in the 0−170 cm depth in cropped soils and unaccounted labeled-N in non-cropped soils, compared with no mulch. Our results indicate that plastic mulch profoundly changes the fate of urea-N in maize production in cold and dry croplands.     

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF THE CORE AND CAVITY OF PLASTIC INJECTION MOULD

This paper discusses the designing of the injection mould for producing the plastic case of TV set carried out in the type IBM PC/XT (or Great Wall 0520)micro-eomputer. The procedure consists of inputting the 2-D drawings of the TV set case with the aid of sub-drawing, coding and menu specifying; setting up the mathematic model according to the relationship between the plastic part and the mould; designing the core and caving of the mould and finally displaying and plotting the drawing of the mould. The connection between the Auto CAD software and the advanced language for orogramming and the data convertion is also discussed.     

土壤耕层积温对玉米根系及植株生长的影响

本文分析了地膜覆盖条件下,土壤耕层积温的变化对玉米根系及地上植株生长影响的生理基础.同时对传统的“蹲苗”措施进行了讨论.指出蹲苗是播种后土壤耕层温度持续偏低导致幼苗缓慢生长,不得已而采取的措施.实际上是延迟性冷害的表征.     

秸杆覆盖保墒效果探讨

本文以试验资料的计算结果为依据，研究了秸杆覆盖的保墒效果。研究结果表明，条带状秸杆覆盖在产量、单位面积耗水量以及水分利用率等方面，都比无覆盖和全覆盖优越，从而为生产部门的推广和应用提供了依据     

旱作水稻水肥耦合模型及经济效应

为了探讨膜下滴灌旱作水稻水分、肥料与产量之间的关系,采用通用旋转组合设计试验方法,进行膜下滴灌旱作水稻水肥耦合模型试验,并对其应用前景进行了比较分析.在供试土壤膜下滴灌条件下,灌溉定额、氮、磷与水稻产量之间符合三元二次回归模型,其一次项、二次项及水氮交互项回归系数均达显著水平,三因素的增产作用从大到小依次为灌溉定额、施氮量、施磷量.采用此模型计算的预测产量与实际产量之间呈高度正相关,预测准确度达99%.由此计算得出最高产量灌溉定额及其施肥量、经济最佳灌溉定额及其施肥量.提出实现目标产量的水肥最优组合方案:若以9 300~9 600 kg/hm²为目标产量,则灌溉定额、氮、磷用量分别为9 730~10 500 m³/hm²,272~363 kg/hm²,136~147 kg/hm²;若同时考虑经济效益,则最佳的灌溉定额、氮、磷肥用量分别为8 500~9 015 m³/hm²,225~240 kg/hm²,90~120 kg/hm².对比不同种植模式表明,膜下滴灌旱作水稻的产量与播后上水直播基本持平,其成本与育秧移栽种植持平,但水分生产效率(1.06 kg/m³)远远高于其他3种种植方式.与传统育秧移栽种植相比较,膜下滴灌旱作水稻节水50%,节约肥料30%以上.     

塑料大棚蔬菜膜下滴灌技术试验研究

塑料大棚蔬菜膜下滴灌技术是一种节水高产的先进灌水技术。它集水利、农业、生物、物理、化学等多学科于一体,实现塑料大棚蔬菜生产优质高产高效。本文论述了膜下滴灌的灌水量、湿度、地温、气温及抗病虫害等技术要素,并相应地与沟畦灌、无膜滴灌作了对比试验。膜下滴灌较传统沟畦灌、无膜滴灌,节水３０．５％、１０．９％,增产３０．１％、５．９３％。     

膜下滴灌与沟灌海岛棉田土壤微生物特性的比较

对不同灌溉方式下土壤微生物特性的对比研究结果表明：膜下滴灌方式下棉田的微生物数量及根际、根外微生物数量均多于细流沟灌；两种灌溉方式都具有明显的根际效应；膜下滴灌使土壤处于厌气条件，土壤酶活性没有明显增加，但由于膜下滴灌可随水滴肥，适时适量供给棉花生长所需肥水，仍能满足海岛棉生长需求。     

覆盖措施对红壤丘陵区花生生理状况的影响

着重探讨红壤丘陵区花生不同覆盖下生长状况的差别。研究结果表明不同覆盖对花生生理状况有较大影响。其中有覆盖的小区土壤含水率高于裸地 ,覆盖的小区日均土壤水分蒸发量小于裸地。另外覆盖条件下的小区花生产量和平均地温高于裸地