林芝河谷地区典型农田土壤主要性质及重金属状况初探

选择西藏林芝河谷地区代表性麦田及蔬菜大棚土壤,对其主要土壤肥力指标、重金属浓度及相应小麦及蔬菜样的重金属浓度进行了测定。结果发现:该区耕地土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮处于中等及较缺乏水平,全磷、全钾、有效锌处于缺乏水平,速效磷、钾及有效铜处于较丰富水平;研究区土壤及作物铜、锌、镉浓度均未超出我国土壤环境质量标准,但农业生产活动造成了表层土壤铜、锌、镉的富集。研究区耕地应注重有机肥、化肥及微量元素的合理施用,同时注意农业生产活动造成的土壤酸化、重金属富集问题并加以监控,以促进该区农业的可持续发展。     

适应玉米的溶磷细菌筛选及其对玉米生长的影响

从石灰性土壤中分离获得4株高效溶磷细菌X5、X6、Z4和Z8,研究其生物学特征,探索其单独及复合的溶磷促生潜能。研究发现菌株X5、X6、Z4和Z8均可以利用玉米根系分泌物作碳源生长。菌株X6和Z4均能产生吲哚乙酸(IAA)和铁载体,菌株Z8可产生IAA不产生铁载体,菌株X5可产生铁载体不产生IAA。盆栽试验结果表明,接种单一溶磷菌及4株菌复合处理均可促进玉米生长,但复合菌群的溶磷促生效果显著高于单一菌株。通过16S r RNA基因序列分析研究菌株的分类地位,初步鉴定X5、X6、Z4、Z8分别为荧光假单孢菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)、草假单胞菌(Pseudomonas poae)、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。     

干湿度梯度及植物生活型对土壤氮磷空间特征的影响

通过对我国土壤氮磷含量及化学计量比值的分布特征研究,探讨了湿度梯度与植物生活型对土壤氮磷空间分布的影响。研究结果表明:中国陆地系统自然土壤氮、磷含量及氮磷比分别在0.02~8.78 g/kg,0.05~1.73 g/kg和0.06~9.85范围内变化,地形和气候因素对其空间变异性的影响均较为显著。干湿度梯度分带对土壤氮含量和氮磷比值的影响较磷含量更为明显,氮含量与氮磷比呈现出明显的梯度变化特征,表现出湿润区半湿润区干旱区半干旱区的规律,而磷含量变化不显著。在不同生活型植被土壤中,森林土壤氮磷的变化规律较灌木和草本土壤更为复杂;其植物磷平均含量低于全国平均值,说明森林生态系统植物受磷元素的限制作用与其较低的土壤磷含量供给有关。土壤氮磷含量和氮磷比与年均降水量和年均温度的相关性及逐步回归分析表明,土壤氮磷及其化学计量的变异性主要是受降水的影响。     

陆地生态系统碳循环对土地利用变化的响应

陆地生态系统碳循环在全球碳循环中占有重要地位,而土地利用变化是估测陆地生态系统碳储存与释放的最大不确定性因素。植被和土壤是陆地生态系统的两大碳库,是碳循环中的两个重要纽带,土地利用变化影响陆地生态系统土壤和植被碳的固定、积累与释放,从而影响整个碳循环过程。本文主要从土壤和植被碳库的角度出发,综述了近年来土地利用变化对陆地生态系统碳循环的影响及其机理,以及研究方法进展,着重分析了模型在此方面的应用;并提出了未来研究方向的展望。     

花生防御素基因的克隆及原核表达

植物防御素是植物免疫系统的一员,具有防御病原菌侵染植物的功能。本文采用RACE法成功地克隆花生防御素基因,并对其原核表达蛋白进行研究。研究结果表明,采用RACE方法克隆花生防御素基因（AhORRP）,得到的cDNA全长为585bp,含一个225bp的开放阅读框（open reading frame,ORF）,编码75个氨基酸;经同源分析,花生防御素蛋白与其它物种具有33％～70％的同源性。原核表达获得大小约28kD AhDRRP融合蛋白。该基因的克隆及其原核表达融合蛋白的获取为花生防御素功能鉴定打下一定基础。     

秤锤树叶片内生真菌的分离鉴定及其对植株生长的影响

本研究从秤锤树叶片中分离内生菌进行分子鉴定,并接种到无菌组培苗中研究其对植株生长的影响。研究结果显示,从秤锤树叶片中共分离获得7株真菌。扩增出的6个菌株经ITS测序,在NCBI网站上进行基因序列比对,鉴定出其中5株菌株均属于球毛壳菌（Chaetomium globosum）,1株属于子囊菌（As-comycete）。进一步实验表明：分离的菌株多数对组培苗的株高生长影响不大,可初步鉴定其为内生菌,其中的属于球毛壳菌的F和H菌株对无菌苗的株高有明显的促进作用。     

植物富集环境污染物的我国研究进展

综述了植物富集环境污染物的研究现状,从植物富集无机污染物,植物富集有机污染物以及植物富集放射性污染物方面进行了探讨,旨在展望植物富集环境污染物的研究趋势。     

转双价棉丛枝菌根真菌侵染率与植株养分含量变化的研究

通过灭菌盆栽接种试验,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus caledonium对转双价(Bt+CpTI)棉和常规棉石远321的侵染率和植株养分含量的影响。结果表明,在观测期间,转双价棉与同源常规棉之间根系丛枝菌根真菌侵染率在同一时期均无显著差异,但植株氮、磷养分含量在一些时期明显不同,其变化随棉花品种、生育期不同而不同。转双价棉苗期根系全氮和蕾期、吐絮期地上部全磷以及苗期、蕾期和花铃期根系全磷含量显著高于常规棉(P<0.05),而蕾期地上部全氮和吐絮期根系全氮显著低于常规棉(P<0.05)。聚类分析表明,丛枝菌根真菌侵染率和植株养分含量变化主要受生长时期的影响,转双价棉种植对其影响是非常有限的。     

基于SNP标记的玉米株高及穗位高QTL定位

为进一步弄清玉米株高和穗位高的遗传机理,为育种生产提供服务,本研究以K22×CI7、K22×Dan3402个F₂群体为作图群体,利用覆盖玉米10条染色体的SNP标记构建了2个连锁图谱。并将这2个F₂群体衍生的分别含237和218个家系的F_2:3群体用于田间性状的鉴定。用复合区间作图模型对2个群体的株高、穗位高表型进行QTL定位分析,结果显示,在武汉和南宁两种环境条件下共定位到21个株高QTL和27个穗位高QTL;单个QTL表型变异贡献率的变幅为4.9%~17.9%;株高和穗位高QTL的作用方式以加性和部分显性为主;第7染色体上可能存在控制株高和穗位高的主效QTL。     

Cotton Chemical Topping by Applying DPC in Different Cotton-Growing Regions

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the stability and universality of cotton chemical topping by applying mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride, DPC) in different cotton-growing regions. [Method] Field experiments were conducted in 2018 at 10 locations in the Yellow River basin (Hejian and Handan, Hebei province; Dezhou and Wudi, Shandong province), the Yangtze River basin (Dafeng, Jiangsu province; Huanggang, Hubei province), and Xinjiang area (Shihezi location I and loacation II, northern Xinjiang and Luntai and Shaya, southern Xinjiang). Local cultivars/lines were used, and the experiments were performed using a randomized complete block design with three or four replicates. Accompanied with typical DPC multi-application in each location, chemical topping was conducted at 10 days before manual topping (T1) or at the same time with manual topping (T2) by applying four dosages of DPC (0, 90, 180, 270 g·hm^－2), manual topping was used as the first control and non-topping as the second control. [Result] The time of chemical topping significantly affected cotton plant height (except for the results in Handan, Dezhou and Wudi) and the number of fruit branches (except for the results in Dafeng and Huanggang). It was observed that earlier chemical topping would result in lower cotton plant height and a fewer fruit branches. In Hejian and Shihezi location I, the average plant height across DPC chemical topping at T1 stage was not only lower than that of T2 stage but also 3.3 cm and 4.6 cm lower than that of manual topping, respectively. In most locations, chemical topping at T1 stage increased around two fruit branches per plant compared with manual topping, while in T2 stage the increased fruit branches per plant ranged from 2.3 to 7.7. Also, we found that a higher dosage of DPC resulted in shorter plant height (except for that in Huanggang). In some locations, plant heights of chemical topping with 180 g·hm^－2 or 270 g·hm^－2 DPC were even shorter than that of manual topping. The number of fruit branches per plant of 0 g·hm^－2 DPC increased by 2.4-8.3 compared with manual topping. However, chemical topping with 90-270 g·hm^－2 DPC significantly reduced the number of fruit branches compared with 0 g·hm^－2 DPC. There were no significant differences in the number of fruit branches among three DPC dosages (90, 180, and 270 g·hm^－2). In Handan, seed cotton yield of chemical topping at T2 stage was significantly lower than that of manual topping due to the decreased boll number, which is possibly associated with the high temperature and drought weather after chemical topping. While at other locations, most treatments of chemical topping by using DPC did not produce significant effects on yield. In addition, chemical topping by using DPC did not delay cotton maturity, characterized by their similar boll-opening rate and the first harvest rate to those of manual topping before spraying harvest aids. [Conclusion] Cotton chemical topping with DPC is more stable and universal across different cotton-growing regions. We suggest that 90-180 g·hm^－2 DPC could be used at the same time with manual topping for cotton chemical topping.