胡椒叶片营养诊断采样方法的研究

以印尼南榜为材料，进行胡椒叶片营养诊断采样方法研究。结果表明：当叶片所带花穗出现绿色小果占其长度１／３－１／２时，该叶片完全稳定（叶片从出鞘到完全稳定需要３０￣３５ｄ），从叶序算，它是倒数第２片时，此时倒数第１片嫩叶长３．０￣４．５ｃｍ、宽２．０￣２．５ｃｍ。以位于植株中部、阳面、短枝上的带花穗完全稳定叶为最佳采样叶；一年中以３￣４月和９￣１０月为采样时间。一天中除１２：００－１４：００时外，其它     

Nutrient stocks of short-term fallows on a high base status soil in the humid tropics of Papua New Guinea

In order to understand nutrient dynamics in tropical farming systems with fallows, it is necessary to assess changes in nutrient stocks in plants, litter and soils. Nutrient stocks (soil, above ground biomass, litter) were assessed of one-year old fallows with Piper aduncum, Gliricidia sepium and Imperata cylindrica in the humid lowlands of Papua New Guinea. The experiment was conducted on a high base status soil (Typic Eutropepts), and in Papua New Guinea such soils are intensively used for agriculture. Soil samples were taken prior to fallow establisment and after one year when the fallows were slashed and above ground biomass and nutrients measured. The above ground and litter biomass of piper was 13.7 Mg dry matter ha^-1, compared to 23.3 Mg ha^-1 of gliricidia and 14.9 Mg ha^-1 of imperata. Gliricidia produced almost 7 Mg ha^-1 wood. Total above ground biomass returned to the soil when the fallows were slashed was the same for piper and gliricidia (8 Mg ha^-1). Gliricidia accumulated the largest amounts of all major nutrients except for K, which was highest in the above ground piper biomass. Imperata biomass contained the lowest amount of nutrients. The largest stocks of C, N, Ca and Mg were found in the soil, whereas the majority of P was found in the above ground biomass and litter. Almost half of the total K stock of piper and gliricidia was in the biomass. During the fallow period, soil organic C significantly increased under gliricidia fallow whereas no net changes occurred in piper and imperata fallows. The study has shown large differences in biomass and nutrient stocks between the two woody fallows (piper, gliricidia) and between the woody fallows and the non-woody fallow (imperata). Short-term woody fallows are to be preferred above grass (imperata) fallows in the humid lowlands of Papua New Guinea because of higher nutrient stocks.     

穗条年龄、粗度与插穗切口处理对细叶青蒌藤扦插繁殖的影响

[目的]探索穗条年龄、粗度与插穗切口处理对细叶青蒌藤扦插繁殖的影响。[方法]在福建沙县进行细叶青蒌藤扦插试验,研究穗条年龄、粗度与插穗切口处理对细叶青蒌藤扦插繁殖的影响。[结果]穗条年龄、粗度与切口位置与方法对细叶青蒌藤扦插繁殖的成苗率及新梢长度均有着极显著性差异性影响（P〈0．01）。1～2年的穗条的成苗率与梢长显著优于3～4年穗条的扦插繁殖效果（P〈0．05）;3～4年穗条的成苗率与梢长显著优于5年以上穗条的扦插繁殖效果（P〈0．05）。大于0．20cm粗度穗条扦插繁殖的成苗率与新梢长度显著优于小于0．20cm粗度穗条（P〈0．05）。节下1．5～2．5cm的插穗切口位置效果优于2．5～3．5cm的,单削斜口处理效果优于平剪处理。切口位置因素效应均大于切口处理因素,双因素的交互作用不显著（P〉0．05）。[结论]该试验进行了细叶青蒌藤扦插繁殖的穗条年龄、粗度、切口处理方面的研究,发现在节下1．5～2．5cm进行单削斜口的穗条处理结合效果最好。     

模拟胃液条件下假蒟叶提取物抑制亚硝化反应的研究

[目的]研究不同溶剂的假蒟叶提取物对亚硝化反应的影响。[方法]在模拟胃液条件下,测定假蒟叶提取物亚硝酸盐清除率及亚硝胺合成阻断率。[结果]不同溶剂的假蒟提取物均有一定的抑制亚硝化反应作用,其中乙酸乙酯提取物的抑制作用最强,且其对亚硝酸盐的清除率及对亚硝胺合成的阻断率在一定的浓度范围内随其浓度的增加而增加,对亚硝酸盐清除能力较强,其IC50值为0.425mg/ml,对亚硝胺合成阻断的能力相对较低,其IC50值为4.064 mg/ml。[结论]假蒟叶提取物具有较好的亚硝化反应抑制活性且主要通过清除底物亚硝酸盐来实现。     

胡椒脱粒去皮机的设计

胡椒(Piper nigrum)的脱粒和去皮在生产白胡椒的时候需要消耗较大的人力,为了解决这个问题,设计了一种胡椒脱粒去皮机.胡椒脱粒去皮机以电动机作为动力机构,以带传动及轴传动方式进行动力的传输.设计的胡椒脱粒去皮机将胡椒的脱粒、去皮集为一体,工作效率能达到15 kg/h,可以提高白胡椒的制作效率,降低农民的劳动强度.     

胡椒PnCAD基因的克隆和表达分析

木质素在植物体中具有运输水分、支撑植株和加强植物体免受侵害等功能,是苯丙烷代谢途径的重要产物之一。其中肉桂醇脱氢酶（cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase,CAD）是该途径中重要的限速酶。本研究在胡椒转录组测序的基础上,用RACE法进行克隆,对PnCAD基因全长进行生物信息学分析,并对其蛋白进行理化性质、亚细胞定位和系统进化树等分析;最后运用实时荧光定量PCR进行分析。结果表明：克隆得到CAD基因的全长cDNA,长度为1364 bp,开放阅读框（open reading frame,ORF）为1071 bp,编码356个氨基酸,预测相对分子量为3.879 kDa,等电点为6.27,属于亲水性蛋白;含有3个N-糖基化特征序列和9个磷酸化位点,可能处于细胞质内。结构域分析发现,胡椒CAD蛋白含有NAD(P)结合位点、多个催化锌和结构锌结合位点。系统进化树分析表明,胡椒CAD与细辛CAD6亲缘关系最近,胡椒和细辛的同源性最高为76%,均隶属于比较原始的双子叶植物。通过荧光定量分析发现,黄花胡椒在辣椒疫霉菌侵染下表达量升高,在8 h达到最高值,约为对照的10倍;之后在24 h时出现小幅度升高,约为对照组的6倍,之后下降。‘热引1号’胡椒的表达量在侵染8 h时达到最低,之后缓慢上升。总体来说,所有时间下黄花胡椒基因表达量均高于‘热引1号’胡椒,且差异显著。本研究结果可为今后研究胡椒抗非生物胁迫功能提供参考,为PnCAD基因的功能研究提供理论依据。     

我国胡椒产业现状及发展对策

从产销、种质资源、栽培管理和产品加工等方面分析我国胡椒产业现状,展望胡椒产业发展前景,并针对性的提出发展对策,以期为广大胡椒科研生产工作者提供参考。     

Analysis of genetic diversity in Piper nigrum L. using RAPD markers

RAPD analysis was conducted in 22 cultivars of P. nigrum(black pepper) from South India and one accession each of P. longum and P. colubrinum. Twenty-four primers generated 372 RAPD markers of which 367 were polymorphic. Jaccard's similarity between pairs of accessions ranged between 0.11 and 0.66 with a mean of 0.38. Among P. nigrum cultivars, the similarity ranged between 0.20 and 0.66 and the mean was 0.42. The existence of wide genetic diversity as revealed in the present study is supported by earlier reports of extensive inter- and intrapopulation morphological variability in pepper cultivars from South India. UPGMA dendrogram and PCO plot revealed P. colubrinum to be most distant of the three species. Genetic proximity among P. nigrum cultivars could be related to their phenotypic similarities or geographical distribution. Greater divergence was observed among landraces than among advanced cultivars. Landraces grown in southern parts of coastal India and those grown in more northern parts were grouped in separate clusters of the dendrogram.     

外源氯化钙对低温胁迫下胡椒抗寒生理指标的影响

以中国胡椒主栽品种‘热引1号’胡椒为材料,设置4个不同浓度氯化钙（7、14、21、28 mmol/L）处理,以去离子水为对照,低温胁迫4 d（10 ℃/5 ℃,12 h/12 h）,恢复培养6 d（28 ℃/20 ℃,12 h/12 h）,观察表型并测定各处理的光合参数、抗氧化酶活性及渗透性物质含量变化情况。结果表明：7 mmol/L氯化钙处理胡椒可以改善寒害表型,随氯化钙浓度升高寒害表型逐渐加重;外施7 mmol/L氯化钙能够显著改善胡椒的净光合速率,随氯化钙浓度升高,净光合速率越来越低,氯化钙浓度过高时（达到28 mmol/L）净光合速率低于CK;与CK相比,外施7 mmol/L氯化钙能够显著提高抗氧化酶活性、增加可溶性糖含量、降低丙二醛含量。随处理浓度升高,抗氧化酶活性和可溶性糖含量越来越低,丙二醛含量越来越高。本研究结果为胡椒生产上抗寒技术指导和抗寒分子育种提供了参考。     

假蒟提取物的体外抗氧化和抗炎效果研究

本研究旨在分析假蒟提取物的活性成分并评价其体外抗氧化和抗炎活性。试验通过ABTS法检测3种假蒟提取物(石油醚、正丁醇及乙酸乙酯提取物)的抗氧化能力;采用LPS法建立猪小肠上皮细胞(IPEC-J2)体外炎症模型,用假蒟提取物预处理后,以ELISA法检测细胞上清液中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1(IL-1)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的含量。结果表明,3种假蒟提取物总抗氧化活性由大到小依次是假蒟正丁醇提取物、乙酸乙酯提取物、石油醚提取物(P<0.05),其中假蒟正丁醇提取物总生物碱、总酚含量最高,分别为2.81 mEq/100 g、161.82 mg/g。与空白组相比,LPS组IPEC-J2细胞的TNF-α(P<0.05)、IL-1(P>0.05)及IL-6(P<0.05)含量均升高;与LPS组相比,假蒟预处理组的这几种细胞因子含量均显著降低(P<0.05),由高到低依次为乙酸乙酯提取物>石油醚提取物>正丁醇提取物。综合试验结果,假蒟提取物具有一定的抗氧化作用,能影响IPEC-J2细胞炎性因子的分泌,抑制炎症反应。