三种紫色土上不同绿肥品种的生物量及养分差异

采用框栽法对不同绿肥品种的生物量和氮磷钾养分进行分析比较,初步筛选出旱坡地不同紫色土上适宜的绿肥品种。结果表明,在酸性紫色土上,黑麦草和毛叶苕子是鲜干草产量较高且养分积累量较多的绿肥品种;在碱性紫色土上,蚕豆和黑麦草是鲜干草产量较高且养分积累量较多的绿肥品种;在中性紫色土上,黑麦草和紫云英是鲜干草产量较高且养分积累量较多的绿肥品种。因此,酸性紫色土上适宜种植和翻压黑麦草和毛叶苕子,碱性紫色土上适宜种植和翻压蚕豆和黑麦草,中性紫色土上适宜种植和翻压黑麦草和紫云英。     

有机肥与无机肥配施对作物产量和土壤养分含量的影响

设置不同试验处理探讨配施定量化肥时有机肥的合理用量,分析作物产量、品质和土壤理化性状的变化。结果表明,白萝卜施用100 kg/667 m2的有机肥代替1/3化肥时产量最高,达6 098.0 kg/667 m2,大白菜施用220 kg/667 m2的有机肥代替1/3化肥时产量最高,达4 176.7 kg/667 m2。施用有机肥可促进白萝卜维生素C含量的积累,改善作物品质,同时减缓了作物收获后土壤有机质含量的降低。     

北京松山不同堆积处理枯枝落叶分解特征的研究

[目的]研究森林植被之下地表枯枝落叶层对土壤发育过程、保持水土与涵养水源的作用.[方法]通过野外采样调查和实验室分析,研究了北京市松山自然保护区油松林下不同堆积方式下,油松枯枝落叶被分解的特征.[结果]在人工露天堆积、油松林下自然堆积、人工林下堆积条件下,随着深度的增加,枯枝落叶层中碳、氮含量逐渐减少,灰分含量逐渐增加;在人工露天堆积处理下,枯枝落叶表层有机碳含量最高,可达44.63％,而在人工林下堆积30 ～40 cm处有机碳含量最低,只有30.27％.在3种处理下,枯枝落叶层中碳氮比值都大于25,人工林下堆积最接近最佳碳氮比.[结论]3种处理方式下枯枝落叶分解程度从大到小依次是:人工林下堆积、自然林下堆积、人工露天堆积.     

淹水落干对巢湖圩堤消落区土壤营养成分的影响

通过多次采样,分析巢湖西北部圩堤消落区土壤中有机质及氮磷在自然区域和人工修复区域的含量特征,研究巢湖西北部不同区域消落区土壤中有机质及氮磷的分布规律,探索人工修复措施对消落区生态环境改善的效果。结果表明:淹水落干过程有利于消落区土壤有机质的积累和对氮素的吸附,同时增强消落区土壤中有机质、全氮、有机磷的空间异质性,并且减小消落区内不同样点之间土壤全磷含量差异。在自然区域中,氮素较高的农业耕作区土壤在淹水条件下会向上覆水释氮,无植被覆盖的天然崩岸区土壤磷素会富集,在下次淹水时可能会向上覆水释磷;在人工修复区域,挺水植物能够有效拦截由于湖水冲刷引起的消落区土壤有机质流失,并且改善消落区底质。此外,不同人工修复区域的多种类型植被增强了消落区空间异质性,有利于保护消落区的生物多样性,并且提高环湖景观的观赏性。     

灼烧法与化学法测定土壤有机质对比与拟合分析

[目的]土壤有机质是土壤分析测试中一个非常重要的参数,简单准确地测定其值非常必要。[方法]采用两种不同的方法(灼烧法、重铬酸钾容量法)测定土壤中有机质的含量。根据结果分析、讨论灼烧法不同温度适合的灼烧时间,同时与化学方法测得的结果进行对比,分析、比较物理方法与化学方法之间的相关关系,并且整理得出不同温度时两种方法的相关关系式。[结果]350、450、550℃测定24 h比较合适,650℃推荐测定12 h,450℃灼烧法的测定值与化学方法相关性最好(R2=0.946 2),其次为350℃(R2=0.763 7)、550℃(R2=0.581 3)。[结论]由于650℃测定结果比真值偏高,所以不建议采用650℃进行灼烧法的测定。     

滇东南石灰土重金属超标程度及潜在生态危害评价:以三迭系至寒武系地层土壤为例

为改善云贵高原南部岩溶区生态环境提供科学依据,以滇东南那洒至马街岩溶区16组不同时代的石灰土为本体,采用实地调查、采样和检测方法,结合应用地质累积和潜在生态危害指数法研究云南东南部岩溶区石灰土金属元素对生态环境的影响。结果表明:P1y、Ch、Csd、D2d、Dd和Dg石灰土的Cd为中度至重度级超标危害元素,∈2l石灰土的Hg为中度级危害元素,危害程度CdHg;Cd对生态环境的影响明显,潜在的生态危害风险大;其他石灰土及相应元素则相对较安全,潜在的生态危害风险小。     

苎麻生长初期对重金属铅镉汞的迁移富集特征

为探讨植物在土壤重金属污染修复方面的作用,以重庆市郊某蔬菜基地的农田土为试验土壤,研究Pb、Cd、Hg单一污染及Pb+Cd、Pb+Hg复合污染情况下,苎麻吸收、富集及转运相应重金属的能力。结果表明,在单一重金属污染时,苎麻各部位积累的重金属浓度为根茎叶,对单一重金属的富集效果为PbCdHg,转运能力为HgPbCd;在Pb、Cd复合污染时,土壤中(Pb+Cd)浓度较小时,苎麻主动吸收占主导,土壤中(Pb+Cd)浓度较大时,苎麻被动吸收占主导;在Pb、Hg复合污染时,Hg抑制了苎麻地下部分对Pb的吸收,同时抑制了Pb从根部向地上部分的转移。     

氮钾肥在水稻中的积累规律及其合理施用研究

通过设置氮、钾肥施用量试验,研究了氮钾肥在水稻中的积累规律及其合理施用。结果表明:(1)水稻对氮、钾养分的吸收积累动态呈Logistic曲线,氮素以本田前期吸收最多,中期次之,后期很少;钾素以在本田中期吸收最多,前期次之,后期也很少;(2)水稻对氮、钾养分的积累量(y)随施肥量(x)的平方根值(槡x)的增加而增加,但当季利用率降低;(3)稻谷产量与氮、钾肥施用量呈抛物线型相关;(4)水稻对氮素更敏感,而较耐低钾和高钾,在本试验条件下,经济施氮量为150kg/hm2,经济施钾量为130kg/hm2,相当于每生产100kg稻谷施氮1.44kg、施钾1.25kg。     

崇州市土壤有机质分布特征研究

有机质含量是土壤肥力高低的重要指标之一,对作物生长至关重要,该文以崇州市为研究区,对土壤有机质进行了研究,运用经典统计学结合GIS技术,研究耕地土壤有机质空间分布特征和全氮的空间相关关系及分布特征,结果表明,高标准农田建设区有机质含量明显高于周围水稻田种植区域,全区土壤全氮的含量与土壤有机质含量呈紧密的正相关关系。     

Effects of feeding diets containing low crude protein and coarse wheat bran as alternatives to zinc oxide in nursery pig diets

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of crude protein (CP) level in diets containing coarse wheat bran (CWB) with or without pharmacological levels of Zn (provided by zinc oxide: ZnO) on growth performance and fecal DM of nursery pigs. In experiment 1, 360 barrows (Line 200 × 400, DNA, Columbus, NE, initially 5.6 kg) were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments from d 0 to 21 after weaning with 5 pigs per pen and 12 pens per treatment. Treatments included a positive control diet (21% CP) with 3,000 mg/kg Zn in phase 1 and 2,000 mg/kg in phase 2; negative control (21% CP) with 110 mg/kg added Zn, and 4 diets containing 4% CWB and 110 mg/kg added Zn formulated to contain 21%, 19.5%, 18%, or 16.5% CP. The 2 control diets and 21% CP CWB diet contained 1.40% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys in phase 1 and 1.35% SID Lys in phase 2, while the 19.5%, 18%, and 16.5% CP diets contained 1.33, 1.25 and 1.20% Lys, respectively, in both phases. Pigs fed the positive control diet containing pharmacological ZnO had increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F compared with the negative control and the 21% CP CWB diet. Reducing CP (concurrently with SID Lys) in diets containing CWB decreased ADG and G:F (linear, P = 0.002); however, fecal DM increased (linear, P = 0.005). In experiment 2, two groups of 300 and 350 pigs, initially 7.0 and 6.2 kg, respectively, were used with 5 pigs per pen and 26 pens per treatment. The objective was to determine if adding back essential AA would improve growth performance of pigs fed the low CP diets. All dietary treatments were fed for 13 days, contained 4% CWB, and consisted of: (1) positive control with 2,000 mg/kg of Zn and 21% CP (1.35% SID Lys); (2) no ZnO and 21% CP; and 3 diets with no ZnO formulated to 18% CP and (3) 1.2% SID Lys; (4) 1.35% SID Lys by the addition of feed grade amino acids (AA), and (5) diet 4 with non-essential amino acids (NEAA; Gly and Glu). Pigs fed 21% CP with ZnO had increased (P = 0.001) ADG compared to those fed 18% CP (1.35% SID Lys) with high levels of feed grade amino acids or those fed the reduced SID Lys (1.2%) diet. Overall, G:F was improved (P < 0.001) for pigs fed 21% CP diets and those fed the 18% CP diet with NEAA compared to pigs fed 1.2% SID Lys and pigs fed high levels of feed grade amino acids. Fecal DM was increased for pigs fed the reduced SID Lys diet. In summary, pharmacological levels of Zn improve pig growth performance, but reducing CP (and subsequently SID Lys) decreased nursery pig growth performance.