不同水分供应对小麦氮素积累、分配和产量的影响

为探究不同水分供应对小麦花后氮素积累和分配的调控作用,以‘普冰151’‘晋麦47’和‘普冰9946’为试验材料,田间模拟旱作栽培(W0)、少雨年(W1)、平雨年(W2)和多雨年(W3)环境,研究不同水分环境下小麦开花前后植株不同器官氮素吸收、积累和转运的异同。结果表明,与W0相比,小麦营养器官在W1、W2和W3环境下开花期氮素积累量以及花后转运氮素量均高于W0(除W2环境下的‘晋麦47’),小麦营养器官氮素转运量分别比W0提高2.4%～22.9%、9.5%～10.5%和16.2%～30.2%,水分供应促进小麦营养器官花前积累氮素在花后再分配至籽粒。W1环境下‘晋麦47’营养器官氮素的平均转运效率显著高于W0;而‘普冰151’和‘普冰9946’在W1环境下显著小于W0。说明水分增加对小麦氮素转运能力的影响在品种间存在较大差异。与W0相比,‘普冰151’和‘普冰9946’产量在水分处理条件下显著增加,但水分处理之间差异不显著;‘晋麦47’则表现为W3较W0减产但不显著,W2产量显著高于W0;水分供应主要通过提高单位面积穗数进而提高产量。     

Effect of support on the growth of a woody vine,Wisteria floribunda DC. (Leguminosae)

Seedling ofWisteria floribunda, which belongs to the twiner type of climbing plants, were planted in nursery and the effect of support on the growth of the seedlings was tested. The seedlings were grown with 240 cm-height and 120 cm-height supports (the culms of a dwarf bamboo), and without support. Positive effect of the supports and its length were observed for stem length ofW. floribunda at the end of the growing season. The positive effect of support was also observed for total dry weight. Total dry weight with 240 cm-height support reached more than the double of the seedlings without support. These effects of the support were attributed to die-back behavior of the twining stem, which detached from the support or did not encounter the support. Diameter of the stems without support showed a rapid decrease toward the stem tip, while that with support were relatively constant when they were twining around the support. The existence of the support also affected the dry matter allocation in this species; supported seedlings allocated larger proportion of biomass to current-year stems than unsupported seedlings, although the allocation to the roots was smaller in the supported treatments. Support availability may be critical for the establishment and further growth of the seedlings ofW. floribunda which regenerate at the forest edge and canopy gaps. A part of this report was presented at the 107th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society, at Tsukuba, April, 1996.     

水分胁迫下不同化学物质浸种对玉米发芽及幼苗生长的影响

通过室内培养试验研究了不同水分胁迫条件下不同化学物质浸种对玉米种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：水分胁迫下使用化学物质浸种对玉米种子的发芽率和发芽势无显著影响,但却不同程度提高了玉米幼苗的株高和壮苗系数;使用化学物质浸种增加了玉米幼苗的生物量,且水分胁迫下幼苗干重增加幅度明显高于正常水分处理;水分胁迫下使用化学物质浸种提高了玉米幼苗的总根长,其中中度水分胁迫(ψs=0．4MPa)根长的增加幅度高于轻度水分胁迫(ψs=0．2MPa),前者增加的幅度为5．01％～50．83％,后者为0．32％～23．38％。与其他处理相比,水分胁迫下CCC ZnSO4处理的玉米幼苗的根长、根系干重和壮苗系数均较高,说明利用CCC ZnSO4处理具有促进根系生长,培育玉米壮苗的突出作用。     

抗Cd菌株的筛选及其对Cd的去除特性

从高Cd含量的闪锌矿土样中进行了抗Cd并富集Cd菌株的筛选,并对高效菌株的吸附和去除Cd特性作了分析。结果得到一株对Cd具有很强抗性和富集能力的茎点霉菌F2,该菌可在2000mg·L-1的Cd浓度下存活,在液体培养下对培养基中Cd尤其是高浓度Cd具有较好的去除作用,菌体Cd含量可达28%。F2干菌体对重蒸水中Cd的吸附动力学研究表明,吸附过程符合一级吸附动力学方程,同时计算了动力学参数。冷冻干燥菌体对Cd的吸附能力远大于烘干菌体,并在较大Cd浓度范围和pH值范围内对Cd具有较好的去除效果。     

青菜对三种土壤中典型抗生素的累积规律研究

为探究青菜对不同类型土壤中不同种类抗生素的吸收和累积特性,通过盆栽实验,观察了三类土壤（黄褐土、砂姜黑土、红壤）中磺胺二甲嘧啶（SM2）、磺胺甲噁唑（SMZ）、四环素（TC）、土霉素（OTC）4种典型抗生素在青菜中的累积规律。结果表明：青菜累积三类土壤中4种抗生素的含量均在第10天达到最高后逐渐下降;青菜中抗生素的含量随着土壤中抗生素初始含量（0.1~25.0 mg·kg^-1）的增大而增大,抗生素初始含量为25.0 mg·kg^-1时,青菜中累积的抗生素含量显著高于其他低浓度处理组（P<0.05）;土壤中抗生素初始含量为25.0 mg·kg^-1时,青菜从不同类型土壤中吸收同种抗生素的含量差异较大,排序为红壤（SM₂ 14 993.6μg·kg^-1、SMZ 12 199.2 μg·kg^-1、TC 646.1 μg·kg^-1、OTC 967.6 μg·kg^-1）>黄褐土（SM₂ 12 598.1 μg·kg^-1、SMZ 11 678.5 μg·kg^-1、TC463.5 μg·kg^-1、OTC 663.8 μg·kg^-1）>砂姜黑土（SM₂ 9 510.4 μg·kg^-1、SMZ 3 666.9 μg·kg^-1、TC 58.8 μg·kg^-1、OTC 90.5 μg·kg^-1）,土壤pH和有机质含量是影响青菜从土壤中累积抗生素的重要因素;在同类土壤中,青菜对不同抗生素的累积顺序为SM₂>SMZ>OTC>TC,导致青菜对不同抗生素累积差异的原因,除了土壤对四环素类抗生素（TCs）的吸附能力强于磺胺类抗生素（SAs）外,还与不同抗生素的理化性质（分子结构、形态）有关。青菜能吸收土壤中的抗生素,在移栽后第10天青菜中抗生素的含量最高,青菜易从酸性土壤（红壤）中吸收抗生素,中性土壤（黄褐土）次之,碱性土壤（砂姜黑土）最低,且青菜对SAs的累积能力强于TCs,土壤中抗生素的初始含量越高,青菜中抗生素的含量也越高。     

Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Herbage Production of an Established Grass Sward in Relation to Moisture and Nitrogen Fertilization

Herbage growth and nitrogen (N) use efficiency in grazed or mown grasslands are generally low, associated mostly with poor response to fertilizer N. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the short-term response of grass to fertilizer N with respect to herbage yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in order to provide a better basis for improving the efficient use of fertilizer N in grassland ecosystems. Both NO₃ ^? and NH₄ ⁺ sources of N were applied to an established grass sward with three moisture levels, i.e., natural conditions (63% water-filled pore space, WFPS), near field capacity level (71% WFPS), and slightly wetter than field capacity (84% WFPS). Herbage yield, i.e., dry matter (DM), N uptake, N recovery efficiency, yield efficiency, and physiological efficiency were determined over a 7–28 d period. Addition of N fertilizers significantly increased the herbage yield and N uptake of grass sward over that of the control. In the plots where NO₃ ^??N was added as the N source, DM yield was between 1760–1870 kg ha^?1, N recovery efficiency was between 24%–43%, and yield and physiological efficiency were in the range of 2.1–3.2 and 6.4–8.8 kg DM kg^{? 1} N, respectively. In NH₄ ⁺?N added plots, the DM yield was between 3190–3700 kg ha^{? 1}, N recovery efficiency was between 39%–48% while yield and physiological efficiency were in the range of 3.5–5.6 and 9.0–11.6 kg DM kg^{? 1} N, respectively. Results indicated that total DM yield, N uptake, and NUE depend on the source of N and the level of moisture in the field. Assimilation of N is also affected by the stage of plant development after N fertilization. About 50%–54% of applied N was recovered in the initial 14 and 21 d after fertilizer application and thereafter translocation of N slowed. A fall in herbage production and minimal response to N fertilizer has been observed at 84% WFPS, while the maximum herbage yield and N recovery efficiency was recorded in soil near or below field capacity. The grass sward with added NH₄ ⁺?N produced a larger yield and had higher NUE relative to the sward with NO₃ ^??N. Results confirm that applied N was not utilized efficiently by grass sward and a decrease in N uptake and its utilization seem to be the key factors responsible for the poor herbage productivity often observed in pastoral agriculture. These results suggest that both moisture and N source have a substantial effect on herbage yield and N utilization by plants and therefore should be considered for efficient management of N fertilization and recommendations for grass sward.     

初花后土壤碱解氮浓度对棉花生物量和氮素累积特征的影响

试验于2009-2010年分别在江苏省棉花科技示范基地东台市(120°19' E, 32°52' N)和大丰市(120°28' E,33°12' N)进行。设置6个水平(0、150、300、375、450和600 kg hm^–2)施氮量,研究土壤碱解氮浓度变化特征及对棉花生物量和氮素累积特征的影响。结果表明,棉花初花后土壤碱解氮浓度的动态变化可用三次函数方程模拟,棉花生物量、氮素累积动态可用Logistic方程拟合;土壤碱解氮浓度快速下降期的平均速率、持续时间分别与棉株生物量、氮素快速累积期的最大相对累积速率、持续时间有较高的相关性;在375 kg hm^–2施氮量下,土壤碱解氮浓度快速下降期具最佳平均速率和持续时间,棉株生物量和氮素快速累积期有最优的累积特征值,棉花具有最优的生物量、氮素累积特征值,棉花产量最高、综合品质最优。高施氮量和低施氮量皆不利于棉花生物量和氮素的累积。因此,适宜的施氮量及施氮运筹可调节棉花初花后土壤碱解氮浓度的动态变化,优化棉花生物量和氮素的累积以及产量和品质。     

木薯后期衰老对淀粉积累的影响

对新选056、南洋红、GR891、辐选01、华南124和新选048六个木薯品种生育后期抗衰老生理和淀粉积累特性进行研究。结果表明:不同木薯品种生育后期抗衰老生理与淀粉积累特性有明显差异,木薯后期茎叶生长状况对块根淀粉积累有明显影响,后期茎叶过早衰老或生长过旺对块根淀粉积累都不利。对抗衰老能力最强的是华南124,其次是辐选01和新选048,抗衰老能力最弱的是南洋红。其中新选056、南洋红、GR891、辐选01、华南124和新选048生育后期叶片过氧化物酶活性分别为383.93△OD470/gFw.min,279.33△OD470/gFw.min,405.20△OD470/gFw.min,445.97△OD470/gFw.min,364.43△OD470/gFw.min和202.20△OD470/gFw.min;丙二醛含量分别为0.0178μmol/gFW,0.0189μmol/gFW,0.0237μmol/gFW,0.0153μmol/gFW,0.0128μmol/gFW和0.0140μmol/gFW;可溶性糖含量分别为0.74%,0.70%,1.02%,0.84%,1.12%和1.30%;自由水/束缚水比值分别为3.07,4.77,6.85,3.64,2.57和3.11;块根淀粉含量分别为29.6%,25.8%,32.8%,32.7%,25.6%和28.9%。     

间伐和树体改造对柑橘密闭园产量和品质的影响及效益分析

以“鄂柑1号”椪柑密闭园为试材,设计隔行间伐(A)和隔株间伐(B)2种处理和不间伐的对照(CK),对它们的光照、树体生长、叶片干物质和叶绿素以及产量和品质的相关指标进行测定分析.3年的结果表明,各处理树冠内0～200 cm的光照强度远高于对照;除CK外,各处理的树冠覆盖率在3年间均逐渐增加,但B和A均小于CK;各处理叶片干物质含量和叶片叶绿素含量均显著高于对照;2种处理的公顷单产量在间伐当年均明显低于CK的,但到间伐第三年就可恢复,其公顷单产量与CK相当;3年果园改造后各处理的平均单果重、果皮亮度值(L)、果皮色泽指数(a/b)、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸的含量、优质果率等品质指标均好于CK,具体表现为处理A、B的明显好于CK的;各处理每年的修剪和病虫害防治成本大大降低,具体表现为A＜B＜CK.因此,适宜的间伐和树体改造方式除在短时间内产量有一定下降外,可从根本上改善果园光照状况、增加叶片干物质含量,提高光合效率和果品质量,而且从较大程度上降低生产成本,进而提高经济效益.     

The effect of composted municipal waste,sheep manure,and urea nitrogen on the growth and chemical composition of two rapeseed cultivars

Oil cultivars of Brassica napus L. were grown to compare the effects of composted municipal waste (CMW) and sheep manure (SM) to field soil (C0). To each soil group, one of three levels of urea nitrogen fertilizer (N) was added. SM grown plants had higher N than those grown in CMW with the Sarigol cultivar having a higher N content than the RGS cultivar. Field soil plants grown in control soil had lowest N levels. Organic amendments increased N content of both cultivars. SM grown plants produced more siliques, a higher seed yield, and greater 100 seed weight compared to those grown in CMW. Control soil plants had the lowest number of siliques, seed yield, and 100 seed weight. CMW-treated plants contained slightly more metals than SM plants. Field soil plants had the lowest metal levels. CMW and SM application had potential to improve the growth and chemical composition without adding urea.