播期对直播水稻产量、花后各器官干物质和氮素积累及转运的影响

为探究播期对直播水稻产量、花后干物质和氮素积累与转运的影响,以水稻品种白粳1号、长白9号和龙粳31号为供试材料,设置3个播期（SD1、SD2和SD3）,比较不同播期条件下3个品种的产量、抽穗期和成熟期各器官干物质及氮素积累与转运特点。3个品种抽穗期和成熟期各器官干物质及氮素积累量、抽穗至成熟期各器官干物质及氮素转运量和产量均表现为SD2>SD3>SD1。相关分析表明,产量与成熟期穗干物质及氮素积累量呈显著正相关,与叶片干物质和氮素转运量呈显著正相关。在本试验条件下,播期的推迟提高了3个品种有效穗数及结实率,进而提高了产量,同时促进了各器官物质转运量与转运率的提高。各品种SD2处理的产量及花后干物质、氮素积累量最高,SD2为适宜播期。     

年际气象差异对西南丘陵区玉米物质积累与产量的影响

基于2011-2016年大田试验和气象数据资料,研究了年际气象差异对西南丘陵区玉米物质积累与产量的影响,以期为西南丘陵区玉米生产的高产稳产提供理论支持。结果表明：西南丘陵地区雨热资源丰富,但气象因素存在明显的年际波动,降水量波动最大,积温波动最小,且玉米各生育阶段降水、积温和光照配置也有所不同。积温是该区玉米生育前期形态建成的主要限制因子,花前积温、花后日照和降水共同调控玉米的干物质积累与转运,而后期产量形成是各气象因子综合作用的结果。花后日照直接影响玉米穗部性状（穗长、穗粗）和产量构成（穗粒数、千粒重）,从而调控玉米的产量;花后积温和降水则通过影响玉米的穗粒数和千粒重对最终产量产生影响。因此,西南丘陵地区玉米在生产过程中可以通过调整播期,适当提高生育前期积温,促进植株生长发育,提高源器官的形态建成,为花后光合生产奠定良好的基础;减少花后降水量,提高花后日照时数,改善籽粒灌浆,提高籽粒充实度,从而实现高产。     

甘薯胡萝卜素含量、干率聚合育种的一个特例

2005年采用高胡萝卜素、低干双亲的特殊组合‘浙薯81’ב浙薯255’创制出甘薯优异高干红肉品种‘浙薯13’。为了探索甘薯胡萝卜素含量、干率聚合育种新方法,2016年对这一双亲的正反交组合F1胡萝素含量、干率进行了测定和遗传分离规律分析。结果表明,正反交组合的胡萝卜素含量遗传主要受非加性效应控制,组合传递力分别为45.32%和49.73%。干率不仅存在加性效应,而且呈明显的超亲遗传,正反交组合的超亲优势分别达到15.12%和12.75%,超高亲率约70%,呈现相当于高干×低干的遗传分离,中、高干类型比例高达60%左右,其中高干类型比例约28%。杂交后代含有干率≥25%、胡萝卜素含量≥3 mg/100 g FW的株系占26.10%,含有干率≥25%、胡萝卜素含量≥10 mg/100 g FW的株系占9.78%。干率是甘薯食味的主要影响因子。因此,‘浙薯81’与‘浙薯255’杂交可以高效地聚合胡萝卜素含量和干率,大幅度提高优质食用高胡萝卜素育种的筛选效率。     

Long-term consequences of topsoil mining on select biological and physical characteristics of two New Zealand loessial soils under grazed pasture

Soil chemical, biochemical, biological and structural properties were measured in two New Zealand loessial soils that were topsoil-mined 10 and 25 years ago respectively. Measurements at the 10-year site were compared to some earlier measurements made at this site and the data combined in a chronological sequence for analysis. Topsoil mining had a large, detrimental impact on the soil microbial biomass, the earthworm populations, easily mineralizable N and soil enzyme activities. However, most of these properties substantially recovered, to 80-90 per cent of the levels in unmined soils, within 10-25 years of restoration under pasture. In contrast, while total soil C and N were less affected by topsoil mining, their recovery was much slower. Stabilities of macro-aggregates of soil had fully recovered within 10-25 years after topsoil mining. The apparent changes in all the measured properties between 10 and 25 years of restoration were small in comparison with changes between 0-10 years of restoration after topsoil mining. The total C content of both soils under pasture appeared unlikely to attain the levels present in unmined soils. In soils undergoing restoration, the ratio of microbial C/total soil C may be a useful index of soil ‘biological stability’. Sulphatase activity may reflect the recovery of pasture production.     

Soil degradation in the tropical lowlands of Santa Cruz,Eastern Bolivia

This paper examines the soil degradation processes that are threatening the productivity of the mechanized annual cropping areas in the Santa Cruz lowlands of tropical eastern Bolivia. The dominant process is that of machinery-induced and natural compaction, which has resulted in an estimated 50 per cent of the soils in the Central Zone being moderately to severely compacted, causing serious root restriction and the loss of both transmission and water-storage pores. Degradation has made the soils increasingly susceptible to moisture stress due to the combined effect of (i) restricted rooting as a result of compaction and the hardsetting characteristics of the soils, (ii) reduced rainfall infiltration due to the loss of transmission pores and surface crusting, and (iii) a decrease in available soil moisture caused by the loss of storage pores, the incorporation of wind-blown fine sand deposits, and soil organic matter losses due to accelerated decomposition rates. The loss of transmission pores has also made the soils more prone to waterlogging in periods of high rainfall. The degradation tendencies of these soils are exacerbated by the greater variability of seasonal rainfall during the last 20 years that has led to a greater frequency or extremely high or extremely low rainfall events than hitherto.     

节水灌溉的水稻干物质积累C-R模型研究

介绍了水稻干物质模型的研究进展和Chapman-Richards模型的数学结构以及该模型在描述林木生长和不同生物种群生长过程中的应用,并根据国家“863”节水农业专项子课题现场试验资料,用Chapman-Richards模型模拟了水稻干物质积累过程。结果表明。用Chapman-Richards生长方程来模拟控灌水稻干物质积累过程中,Logistic模型拟合效果最好。并根据模型参数对水稻生长过程进行了分析。     

新疆冬小麦不同产量群体冠层光截获与干物质分布特性分析

研究不同产量水平冬小麦群体冠层不同层次光合有效辐射(Photosynthetically Active Radiation,PAR)截获、干物质分布及产量的影响,为缩小新疆冬小麦产量差距、提高光能资源利用和高产栽培提供理论依据.试验于2018—2019年在军户和奇台两个不同试验区进行,以当地主栽品种为试验材料,采用综合...     

不同水平Cd胁迫下低累积Cd水稻品种筛选

通过盆栽试验,研究了10个水稻品种在不同水平Cd胁迫下稻米对Cd的吸收累积情况.结果表明,水稻对Cd具有很强的吸收累积能力,但不同品种对Cd的吸收存在显著差异,相同条件下不同水稻品种稻米的Cd最高与最低含量差异值高达7.36 mg/kg;通过测定叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)发现,随着添加的外源Cd浓度增加,水稻SPAD...     

蚯蚓扰动作用对原位污染土壤Cd、Cu、Zn全量和有效性变化的影响及其富集规律

针对我国土壤重金属污染严重问题,选取河北省保定市周边地区持续重金属污染的原位土壤与赤子爱胜蚓为研究对象,采用实地采样与室内培养相结合的方式,研究蚯蚓扰动作用对土壤重金属Cd、Cu和Zn全量与有效性变化的影响及蚯蚓对重金属的富集规律。主要结果如下,蚯蚓在供试土壤(清洁土与3种原污土)中培养至第14天时,不同供试土壤全量Cd、Cu和Zn含量较培养前均呈下降趋势,其中土壤全量Cd含量分别降低了40.48%、9.90%、0.89%和6.15%;土壤全量Cu含量分别降低了3.16%、8.16%、4.34%和7.74%;土壤全量Zn含量分别下降了2.27%、3.53%、3.34%和4.84%。供试土壤DTPA-Cd、DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Zn含量较培养前呈升高趋势,DTPA-Cd含量分别增加了29.41%、16.54%、14.33%和0.51%;DTPA-Cu含量分别增加了10.51%、1.26%、12.28%和5.30%;DTPA-Zn含量分别增加了44.99%、9.62%、7.97%和0.18%。另外,不同污染土壤下随培养时间的延长,蚯蚓体内Cd、Cu和Zn含量总体呈上升趋势。蚯蚓对Cd、...     

诱变结合小孢子培养的氮高效大麦DH株系评价

为了筛选大麦氮高效种质资源,以花30和8份不同诱变来源的DH株系为研究对象,采用田间试验方法,设置高氮(160 kg·hm~(-2))和低氮(45 kg·hm~(-2))两个氮肥水平,研究不同DH株系对两个氮肥水平的响应,同时对不同氮效率类型DH株系的干物质和氮素积累、转运以及氮素吸收利用特性进行分析。结果表明,在两个氮肥水平下,根据平均产量可将花30和8份突变体材料划分为双高效型、低氮高效型、高氮高效型和双低效型四种类型。双高效型株系在两个氮肥水平下均具有较高的干物质和氮素积累量,而低氮高效型株系在低氮条件下具有较高的干物质和氮素积累量,这为籽粒产量的提高奠定了生理基础,也可以作为氮高效种质材料筛选的基础指标。本研究还分别获得了氮素吸收效率和氮素利用效率提高的DH株系,其中双高效型株系A9-47和低氮高效型株系A5-24在两个氮肥水平下氮效率的提高主要是由氮素吸收效率提高所致,双高效型株系A1-184在高氮水平下氮效率的提高主要是由于氮素利用效率提高所致,而低氮高效型株系A4-17在低氮水平下氮素利用效率也略高于亲本花30。这些种质材料的获得为氮高效育种及相关分子机理研究奠定了基础。