Bile pigments in fishes: a review

Gallbladder (GB) bile of most cyclostomes, elasmobranchs, and teleosts contains appreciable amounts of biliverdin (BV) and bilirubin (BR) conjugates with lesser amounts of unconjugated BR in certain species. Certain elasmobranch and teleost species have been reported to have primarily BV or BR in bile. The appearance of the enzyme BV reductase, which converts BV to BR in mammals, evolved quite early in the evolution of vertebrate species; however, exceptions exist in certain fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals whose bile contains primarily BV. Nearly all analytical studies on bile pigment composition in fishes to date have utilized only GB bile, which may or may not always be representative of the pigments excreted in freshly collected hepatic duct bile. The concentration of BV and BR in GB bile of fishes increases markedly during prolonged fasts. From the limited data currently available, there appears to be no systematic development from primitive to advanced forms in the appearance of certain bile pigments in fishes. While bile of most aquatic species contains appreciable amounts of both BV and BR, it is interesting that the bile of most terrestrial avian and reptilian forms contains primarily BV. The serum of fishes, except for certain bony species such as eels (Anguilleformes) and cottids (Scorpaeniformes), is a light yellow color due to the presence of BR and is similar to that observed in higher vertebrates. Serum from certain eels and cottids is bluish green in color due to the presence of a variety of chromoproteins that contain BV firmly bound as the prosthetic group.     

Short-Term Dinoflagellate Bloom in a Shrimp Pond in Bahía de La Paz,Gulf of California

From mid-August to mid-September 1998, a dinoflagellate bloom in a shrimp pond near La Paz, Baja California Sur, was studied. Daily samples were taken of phytoplankton, dissolved oxygen, nutrient concentrations, photosynthetic pigments and proteins. The bloom occurred at temperatures of 29.7 to 33.2?°C. High densities of a Scrippsiella-like dinoflagellate (15.9?×?10⁶ cells/L) occurred on the first day of sampling, reaching a peak of 249?×?10⁶ cells/L on Day 13, and declining to 4 to 7?×?10⁶ cells/L by Day 26. Chlorophyll a varied from 8.63 mg/m³ on Day 4 to 141.38 mg/m³ on Day 13. Total nitrogen varied widely (0.2–11.50 μM) while phosphates peaked only once on Day 13 (4.14 μM). Proteins ranged from 523 to 6387 μg/L; the latter value occurred two days after the maximal peak of nitrates and coinciding with the highest level of phosphates. Fertilizers added to the ponds increased nutrient concentration and stimulated phytoplankton growth. In turn, the food supply to cultured shrimp noticeably increased throughout the bloom.     

四种彩叶树种光合特性研究

[目的]比较4种彩叶树种的光合特性及叶绿素特征,以期为彩叶树种的合理配置提供理论依据。[方法]在自然条件下,采用英国生产的LCI便携式植物光合测定仪测定自然生长的4种彩叶植物的光合特征,采用分光光度法测定彩叶植物叶绿素及花色素苷含量。对紫叶李（Prunus cerasifera f.atropurpurea）、紫叶矮樱（Prunus×cistena）、金叶女贞（Ligustrum×vicaryi）和金叶连翘（Forsythia suspen-sa（Thunb.）Vahl）4种彩叶树种光合特性日变化及植物色素含量进行研究。[结果]4种彩叶树种的光合作用能力强弱顺序为：紫叶李〉紫叶矮樱〉金叶女贞〉金叶连翘,2种紫叶树种的净光和速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均高于金叶树种,而水分利用效率则相反;紫叶李和紫叶矮樱的叶绿素含量明显高于金叶女贞和金叶连翘。[结论]金叶树种的节水能力强于紫叶树种,而紫叶树种叶片的光能吸收和耐阴性强于金叶树种。     

常绿植物冬季叶片变红影响因子及适应性机制研究

常绿植物冬季叶片变红是一个普遍发生的现象,该现象的研究对揭示常绿植物冬季叶片生理生态调控机制具有重要理论价值,对人居环境冬季景观的营建也具有现实指导意义。文中基于国内外常绿植物冬季叶片变红相关研究文献,对常绿植物冬季叶片变红的影响因子及叶片变红的适应性机制进行综述,并在此基础上对常绿植物冬季叶片变红有待解决的问题进行了总结和展望。     

Liming as an ameliorator of copper toxicity in black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.)

This study aimed to assess the effect of liming as an ameliorator of copper (Cu) toxicity in black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb.) grown in soil with a sandy texture. The treatments were soil supplementation with increasing doses of lime (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 g kg^?1) and two of Cu (0 and 50 mg kg^?1). Pre-germinated black oat seeds were sown for 30 days in the soil, subsequently, the plant height, root and shoot dry mass and concentration of total chlorophyll, chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids and total soluble carbohydrates and starch were analyzed. The dose of 50 mg kg^?1 soil Cu caused a toxic effect on black oat plant growth and development, affected the internal distribution of nutrients, decreased the leaf chlorophyll concentration and increased the leaf concentration of total soluble carbohydrates and starch. Increasing lime doses ameliorated the toxic effects of Cu.     

5-氨基乙酰丙酸对冬油菜（Brassica napus L.）冬前生长的影响（摘要）

[目的]探讨外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸（ALA）对冬油菜冬前生长的影响及其机理。[方法]通过田间试验研究了0、25、50和75mg/LALA溶液浸种（CK、A1、A2和A3）对冬油菜（Brassica napus L.）中双9号冬前生长及相关生理指标的影响。[结果]ALA溶液浸种显著促进了中双9号冬前生长,可能与其提高植物光合作用,促进养分吸收,提高抗氧化胁迫能力有关。该研究还发现,ALA处理显著提高了中双9号光合色素含量、根系活力、叶片硝酸还原酶活性、可溶性糖含量及抗氧化酶活性,降低了丙二醛含量。[结论]50mg/LALA浸种在提高冬油菜生产能力方面具有潜在的应用前景。     

增补UV-B辐射对高山植物美丽风毛菊光合作用和光合色素的影响

强太阳紫外线-B(UV-B)辐射是青藏高原的主要环境胁迫因子,以高山植物美丽风毛菊(Saussurea superba)为材料,在2008和2009年植物生长盛期的7,8月份,采用选择性过滤膜和UV-B荧光灯管组合的方法研究了净光合速率(P_n)、稳态PSⅡ光化学效率、光合色素和紫外线吸收物质对强UV-B辐射的响应,探讨了典型高山植物的UV-B适应特性。结果表明:增补UV-B辐射能引起P_n和气孔导度(G_s)的增加;随处理时间的延长,第11和16天PSⅡ实际量子效率(Φ_PSⅡ)呈下降趋势,说明UV-B辐射对高山植物叶片光合机构仍具有负作用,PSⅡ光化学效率的降低反映了UV-B辐射效应的积累。增补初期光合色素有增加的趋势,但随处理时间的延长最终呈降低趋势,表明UV-B辐射对光合色素的光破坏是本质的,而基于叶片厚度增加导致的光合色素含量升高是一种表象。增补UV-B处理没有引起紫外线吸收物质含量的变化,表明高山植物叶表皮层丰富的黄酮类物质能有效保护光合机构,受环境UV-B辐射波动的影响较少。综上表明:增补UV-B后叶片G_s的增加以及单位叶片面积光合色素增加有利于P_n的提高,但青藏高原强太阳UV-B辐射对高山植物美丽风毛菊的光合生理过程仍具有潜在的负效应。     

外源一氧化氮(NO)对低温胁迫下南瓜幼苗氧化损伤的保护效应

探讨外源 NO 供体硝普钠(SNP)对冷害胁迫下南瓜生长和氧化损伤的内在机制。以南瓜银辉2号和青栗为材料,通过室内人工模拟低温逆境的方法,研究 SNP(100 μmol/L)对冷害胁迫下南瓜幼苗生长、叶绿体色素含量、有机渗透调节物质含量及活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明,冷害导致南瓜幼苗活性氧积累增加,膜质过氧化加剧,光合色素含量下降,渗透调节能力降低,从而显著抑制南瓜幼苗的生长;正常生长条件下, SNP显著提高了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性,显著增加幼苗地上和地下部干重及谷胱甘肽(GSH)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、类胡萝卜素和氨基酸总量;8 ℃/5 ℃(昼/夜)的低温胁迫下,叶面喷施外源100 μmol/L NO供体硝普钠(SNP),促进了植株生长和干物质积累,显著提高了叶片SOD、POD、APX 和GR的活性以及Pro和可溶性糖含量,减少了H₂O₂和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的积累;外源NO明显提高了南瓜叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量、抗坏血酸(ASA)、GSH和可溶性蛋白及氨基酸总量。低温胁迫下,外源NO通过促进抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂及有机渗透调节物质含量的提高,降低H₂O₂和MDA的积累,保护了细胞膜结构的稳定性,维持了冷害下南瓜幼苗碳氮代谢的正常进行,增强了南瓜的抗冷性。试验条件下,NO对银辉2号的促进作用大于青栗。     

Quality of Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) Jam

ABSTRACT

Jam from wild bilberries and from the blueberry culti vars ‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Berkeley’ were analyzed by means of sensory profiling and by instrumental measurement of anthocyanins, color, pH and soluble solids. The study shows that bilberry jam has more “bluish black color,” compared to a more “reddish-blue color” and “glossy” surface of the jam from cultivated blueberries. Bilberry jam was less “smooth” and higher in “viscosity” and “berry density” as well as less distinct in “flavor of flowers and fruits,” while the “blueberry flavor and odor” were more distinct in the bilberry jam than that made of highbush blueberries. Analysis of color by means of sensory hue and instrumental a Hunter lab corresponded well, as did saturation measured by the sensory method and chroma instrumentally measured.     

Sesame (Sesame indicum L.) biochemical and physiological responses as affected by applying chemical,biological, and nano-fertilizers in field water stress conditions

Abstract

Co-application of nano, chemical, and biological fertilizers has been recommended to increase quality and quantity of plants in sustainable production systems. Field experiments (factorial split plot experiment based on completely randomized block design) were conducted during two consecutive years to investigate the effect of nitrogen (nitroxin, urea, and nitroxin + 50% urea) and potassium (without fertilizer, soil and foliar application of potassium nano-chelate, and potassium dioxide) forms on grain yield, physiological traits, oil content, and fatty acids composition of sesame under water stress conditions (normal irrigation, irrigation up to 50% seed ripening and flowering (mild and severe stresses, respectively). Severe water stress was caused decreasing chlorophyll content, grain yield (25.4%), seed oil content (2.87%), and unsaturated fatty acid content, while it increased catalase and peroxidase activities, total carbohydrate, and saturated fatty acids content in compared to the control. As shown, the grain yield in the second year was more than the amount in the first year. The highest grain yield was achieved in co-application of 50% urea and nitroxin in combined with potassium dioxide under normal irrigation during the second year, which showed an increase of 42%, compared to the control treatment. Application of potassium fertilizer (nano or chemical) increased unsaturated fatty acids content in compared to the control treatment. While non-application of fertilizer had the highest saturated fatty acids content. Finally, the co-application of potassium fertilizer (nano or chemical forms) with nitrogen fertilizer (nitroxin + 50% urea) could alleviate the adverse effects of water stress on the studied traits.