Effects of Preharvest Sprouting on Flour Pasting Viscosity in Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

Abstract

Rain before harvest often causes buckwheat to sprout. Preharvest sprouting reduces the processing suitability of buckwheat flour. We examined the effects of preharvest sprouting on buckwheat flour quality by rapid visco-analysis (RVA) of milled sprouting grains of six buckwheat cultivars. Both artificial and natural rainfall increased the frequency of sprouting and decreased pasting viscosity. The difference in pasting viscosity between sprouting and non-sprouting buckwheat grains was not decreased by adding wheat flour. These results suggest that the mechanical characteristics of dough and boiled noodle may be affected by flour made from sprouting grains. Differing responses of the cultivars to rainfall indicate that higher pasting viscosity could be achieved by using cultivars that are resistant to preharvest sprouting caused by rain.     

淀粉型甘薯品种直链淀粉含量、糊化特性和乙醇发酵特性的关系

以15个淀粉型甘薯品种为试验材料,测定其直链淀粉含量、糊化特性和乙醇发酵特性,并分析它们之间的差异和相互关系。结果表明,不同甘薯品种的干物率、淀粉含量和直链淀粉含量(AC)均存在较大差异,相关分析表明,AC与干物率、淀粉含量之间呈极显著正相关;不同品种甘薯的糊化特性之间存在一定差异,但RVA谱特征值之间关系密切;不同甘薯品种的乙醇发酵特性之间也存在较大差异,乙醇含量与发酵强度之间呈极显著正相关。进一步分析表明,AC与RVA各特征值之间相关性不显著,而干物率、淀粉含量与糊化温度(PT)均呈极显著正相关(相关系数分别为r=0.661, P<0.01; r=0.670, P<0.01);AC与乙醇含量、发酵强度之间有显著正相关关系(相关系数分别为r=0.653, P<0.01; r=0.698, P<0.01),但与发酵效率、发酵黏度的相关性不显著;发酵黏度与崩解值(BDV)呈显著负相关(r= –0.563, P<0.05),与消减值(SBV)显著正相关(r=0.639, P<0.05),而乙醇含量、发酵效率和发酵强度与淀粉RVA各特征值之间的相关性均不显著。聚类分析将15个品种分为3大类,第I类品种AC和BDV均较高,第II类品种的AC最高、BDV最低,而第III类品种AC最低、BDV最高。甘薯的AC和BDV可以作为评价甘薯乙醇发酵特性的指标,同时较高AC和BDV值应是燃料乙醇专用甘薯品种的选育方向。     

灌浆期遮阴对小麦胚乳淀粉粒度分布及糊化特性的影响

为了解灌浆期遮阴对小麦胚乳淀粉粒度分布及淀粉糊化特性的影响,研究了灌浆期对扬麦13、宁麦13和烟农19进行30%遮阴后籽粒的淀粉粒度分布与糊化特性的变化。结果表明,小麦灌浆期遮阴显著降低了<10μm的B型淀粉粒体积和表面积占比,增加了>10μm的A型淀粉粒的体积和表面积占比,其中A型淀粉粒中主要增加了10~20μm淀粉粒的体积和表面积占比;遮阴处理对淀粉粒数目分布无显著影响。遮阴处理后,峰值粘度、低谷粘度、稀懈值、最终粘度、回升值等糊化参数指标均显著降低。小麦籽粒硬度、容重、出粉率等指标也因遮阴处理而显著降低。综上所述,遮阴处理改变了小麦籽粒淀粉粒粒度分布,降低了淀粉糊化参数和加工品质。     

Variation in amylose concentration to enhance wheat flour extrudability

Composition and functionality of five waxy wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were elaborately investigated and related to end-product attributes of extrudates. As such, the interaction between starch biopolymers and protein in extrusion processing could be studied. Furthermore, the effect of an increasing amylose-concentration was studied by the use of blends. Waxy genotypes absorbed more water, gave rise to stiffer doughs and had higher onset and peak gelatinization temperature. In contrast, a lower pasting temperature and final viscosity and higher peak viscosity and breakdown could be observed. The volume percentage of small starch granules showed to be negatively correlated with peak temperature and positively with final viscosity and holding strength as well as with extrudate hardness. This was also positively correlated with amylose concentration. Expansion index was highest at a slightly decreased amylose concentration of 16.6%. Markedly higher moisture content for all amylose-free extrudates was attributed to a combination of increased solubility of amylopectin and reduced water evaporation at die emergence. It was hypothesized that an interplay with protein content and composition was laying at the basis of the observed differences. Moreover, the altered pasting behavior of waxy wheat may enhance the extrudability of gluten containing wheat flour.Starch granule size distribution is related to extrudate texture. Amylose content affects expansion index, water absorption and texture of extrudates. Interaction between starch content and protein composition and quality was observed. Waxy genotypes are strongly varying in their protein composition and functionality. Maximum expansion was obtained for blends containing 25% waxy flour.     

Variation of Starch Property and Its Relationship with Dry White Chinese Noodle Quality in Common Wheat

In total, 185 wheat cultivars and lines from major Chinese wheat regions, Australia and USAin two trials, sown in four and two environments, respectively, were used to investigate starch property and itsrelationship with dry white Chinese noodle (DWCN) quality. Significant variations were observed in all starchparameters and DWCN quality. High pasting viscosity cultivars include Sunstate, Hartog, Eradu, Cunning-han, Gamenya, Karl92, Sunco, Yangmai5, Yangmai158, Mianyang26, Een1, Yumai41, Yumai49,Zheng81-1, Yumai54, Yumai2, Yumai47, Lu955159, Lumai15, L;mai21, Shaanyou225, Guanfeng2,Ji5099, Bainong4, and Jinmai2. Wheats from Australia, USA, South China Autumn-sown Spring Wheat Re-gion and Yellow and Huai Valley showed better starch properties and DWCN quality than those from NorthChina Plain. High peak viscosity, breakdown and flour swelling volume were significantly associated with goodDWCN quality. A relatively high frequency of Wx-B1 null alleles was detected in Chinese wheats. Cultivarswith null for Wx-B1 GBSS performed higher pasting viscosity and flour swelling volume, and better DWCNquality than normal type.     

In vitro starch digestibility and pasting properties of germinated brown rice after hydrothermal treatments

Germinated brown rice (GBR) recently has received renewed attention due to its enhanced nutritional value. Pasting properties and in vitro starch digestibility of GBR were examined before and after hydrothermal treatments. Steeping in water (30 °C, 24 h) raised the moisture content and germination percentage of brown rice. Pasting viscosity was substantially decreased but gelatinization temperatures and enthalpy were decreased only marginally by germination (30 °C, 48 h). However, annealing (50 °C, 24 h) and heat-moisture treatment (100 °C, 1 h at 30% moisture) after germination resulted in increased pasting viscosity and gelatinization temperatures. The hydrothermal treatments, however, induced browning reactions to darken the flour of GBR. The digestibility of starch in brown rice was increased by germination. The contents of rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) in the cooked brown rice were 47.3%, 40.8%, and 11.9%, respectively, but changed to 57.7%, 39.1%, and 3.2%, respectively upon germination. The hydrothermal treatments, however, decreased the digestibility of starch in GBR. The heat-moisture treatment decreased the RDS content in GBR near to that of native brown rice. The digestibility and physical properties of brown rice can be controlled by germination and hydrothermal treatments.     

Physical properties of cryomilled rice starch

Cryomilling of rice starch was evaluated as a non-chemical way to modify starch structure and properties. Cryomilling in a liquid nitrogen bath (63–77.2 K) was done to Quest (10.80% amylose) and Pelde (20.75% amylose) rice starch at five different time frames (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min). The viscosity of the cryomilled rice starch decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing milling duration, including peak viscosity, hot-paste viscosity, cold-paste viscosity, breakdown, and consistency. Increasing milling time significantly increased (p < 0.05) water solubility index and water absorption index. Infra-red spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction crystallography both showed that the crystallinity of the cryomilled starch decreased with increasing milling time. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses showed that after 60 min cryomilling there was partial loss of crystallinity (86% for Quest and 91% for Pelde) of both cryomilled starches. The cryomilling process modified the rice starch by causing a loss of crystallinity, that reduced its pasting temperature and increased water absorption, and by fragmentation of starch (probably the amylopectin fraction) that reduced the viscosity and increased solubility.     

3类茶叶粉对小麦面粉糊化特性的影响

研究绿茶粉、红茶粉、黑茶粉对3个筋力面粉(SF、MF、WF)糊化特性的影响,为茶叶粉在食品开发和加工中的应用提供依据。以强筋小麦‘西农364’、中筋小麦‘西农538’、弱筋品系‘522-1’作为供试材料,把3类茶叶粉以0%、2%、4%、6%、8%、10%的质量分数添加到3个筋力的面粉里,利用快速黏度仪(RVA)测定面粉糊化特性。结果表明:强筋面粉(SF)的峰值黏度、回生值低于中筋面粉(MF)和弱筋面粉(WF)。强筋面粉(SF)崩解值最小,弱筋面粉(WF)崩解值最大;3类茶叶粉对低筋面粉的热稳定、抗剪切力和耐搅拌力增强最明显,其次是中筋面粉和强筋面粉;随着3类茶叶粉添加量的增大,3个筋力面粉冷糊的稳定性逐渐增强,冷糊老化速度逐渐减弱;峰值时间随着茶叶粉添加量的增加呈现降低趋势;峰值温度受茶叶粉影响很小。绿茶粉、红茶粉、黑茶粉对3个筋力面粉黏度特性均产生不同程度的影响,给不同筋力的面粉里添加适量的不同种类茶叶粉可不同程度地提高或改善面粉的质量和品质。     

Effects of monoglycerides on pasting properties of wheat starch after repeated heating and cooling

The effects of repeated heating and cooling on the properties of pastes prepared from a commercial wheat starch (Triticum aestivum L.) with added monoglycerides were studied using a Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). The nanostructure of the freeze-dried pastes was determined by X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering. Pastes prepared from the wheat starch alone, or from the starch mixed with tripalmitin, which does not form complexes with starch, produced regular viscosity profiles in the RVA when subjected to multiple heat-cool cycles. In comparison, the effects of adding monoglycerides (or monoacylglycerols) depended on the chain length and saturation of the fatty acid of the monoglyceride. Repeated heat-cool cycles in the RVA of the starch with different monoglycerides induced the formation of complexes of varying stability that influenced the viscosity trace of the paste during multiple heating and cooling cycles. Small-angle X-ray scattering in combination with X-ray diffraction proved useful in describing the nanostructural changes in the RVA pastes induced by monoglycerides and temperature cycling. The results indicate that the functional properties of starch pastes may be manipulated through the strategic selection of an added monoglyceride.     

不同生育期高温对玉米子粒品质及淀粉糊化特性的影响

以玉米杂交种隆平206与秦龙14为试材,分别在开花期和子粒灌浆期进行高温处理,研究不同生育期高温对玉米穗部性状、子粒品质与淀粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明,开花期与子粒灌浆期高温处理均显著降低秦龙14的子粒行数、行粒数,其中,开花期秦龙14高温处理败育;对隆平206无显著影响,说明隆平206子粒形成过程中耐高温较强。与对照相比,高温显著增加两个品种玉米子粒蛋白质含量,降低子粒脂肪与淀粉含量;品种间比较,高温对秦龙14品质的影响较隆平206大。隆平206不同生育期高温处理比较,灌浆期高温对子粒脂肪含量影响较大,蛋白质含量次之,淀粉含量相对较小,两个高温处理子粒淀粉峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度与糊化温度显著高于对照;灌浆期高温处理糊化参数的升幅较开花期高温处理大。玉米生育后期高温对玉米子粒品质及糊化特性有显著影响,灌浆期高温较开花期高温对玉米子粒品质的影响较大。开花期高温对玉米子粒育性影响较大,灌浆期高温主要影响玉米子粒品质。