不同草种对土著AM真菌的生长和群落结构的影响

以果园生草栽培为背景,果园土壤中土著AM真菌为研究对象,考察了柱花草、百喜草和藿香蓟对与之根系共生的AM真菌的生长与群落结构的影响。结果表明,柱花草根系的侵染率(62.2%)显著高于百喜草(36.5%)和藿香蓟(37.3%),丛枝率有相似的趋势;3种草地上部的生物量和含磷量没有差异,但是柱花草根系含磷量显著高于百喜草和藿香蓟;柱花草根际土壤中AM真菌的菌种丰度和菌丝密度均小于百喜草和藿香蓟,但是孢子密度大于藿香蓟而小于百喜草;藿香蓟根际土著AM真菌群落的多样性指数略高于柱花草和百喜草;PCR-DGGE分析结果与之吻合。试验表明,在果园土壤中,不同草种根际的土著AM真菌群落结构并不相同,在选择草种进行生草栽培的过程中应该考虑这些不同。     

Sheep performance under intensive continuous grazing of native grasslands of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paspalum notatum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Axonopus compressus</Emphasis> in the subtropical region of the Highlands of Central Mexico

Liveweight gain was evaluated in tropical Dorper X Pelibuey lambs under intensive continuous grazing of native grasslands dominated by Paspalum notatum (PN) or Axonopus compressus (AC) in the subtropics of Central Mexico. Two trials were undertaken. Trial 1 lasted 12 weeks with 10 lambs (initial weight 18 +/- 2.57 kg, 3 months old) per treatment in 2002, and Trial 2 for 13 weeks with 8 lambs (initial weight 24.0 +/- 2.0 kg, 4 months old) per treatment. Lambs were weighed once per week, and liveweight change was estimated by linear regression over day of the experiment, using individual regression coefficients as unbiased estimates of daily liveweight change; analysed in a random block design. Lambs on Trial 1 gained 0.061 kg/lamb/day on PN and 0.047 kg/lamb/day on AC (P > 0.05) at an overall mean stocking rate of 25 lambs/ha. In Trial 2, liveweight gain was significantly larger in PN (0.060 kg/lamb/day) than on AC (0.043 kg/lamb/day) (P < 0.05), at a mean stocking rate of 21.5 lambs/ha. It is concluded that intensive continuous grazing of native grasslands in the subtropics of the highlands of Central Mexico enables moderate liveweight gains for weaned lambs during the rainy season; with better results in grasslands dominated by Paspalum notatum.     

Feulgen-DNA densitometry of embryo sacs permits discrimination between sexual and apomictic plants in Paspalum simplex

The chromosomes of sexual diploid plants of Paspalum simplex were colchicine-doubled and the plant obtained were crossed with their aposporous natural tetraploid counterparts to generate a F1 population segregating for apomixis. Analysis of the DNA content during megagametogenesis indicated that although the nuclei of nucellus and developing embryo sacs were in both the G1 and G2 phases, polar nuclei and egg cells of mature embryo sacs tended to remain in the G1 phase. Because both meiotic and aposporous mature embryo sacs are of the 8-nucleated-type in P. simplex and are barely distinguishable, nuclear DNA content of polar nuclei was used to distinguish apomictic and sexual phenotypes and confirmation obtained by progeny testing. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Grain crop response to contour hedgerow systems on sloping Oxisols

Farming systems that minimize the rate of soil degradation and optimize food crop yields are needed to sustain soil productivity on sloping, acid, infertile soils in the humid tropics. Research was conducted on two Oxisols with slopes ranging from 22 to 30% to evaluate the performance of several contour hedgerow systems, with and without the addition of 60 kg N ha−1 per crop, on rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays L.) production. Contour hedgerows were double rows of the tree legume Gliricidia sepium (G); Gliricidia and the native grass Paspalum conjugatum (GPas); Gliricidia and an exotic fodder grass Penisetum purpureum (GPen); double rows of Penisetum (Pen); and a conventional open field (C) farming system without hedgerows. Gliricidia prunings and all crop residues were applied to the soil surface in the alleys, but Penisetum was harvested. Food crop yields in all hedgerow treatments tended to be less than the Control for the first two years, presumably due to the displacement of land planted to the food crop. In the third and the fourth years, the rice and maize yields of Treatments G and GPas exceeded the Control, most consistently when N was not applied. Penisetum reduced food crop yields regardless of N application presumably due to nutrient removal in the fodder. The results indicate that Gliricidia in a contour hedgerow increases food crop yield on strongly acid Oxisols by recycling nutrients and partially supplementing the N demand by the food crops. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Chromosome number in germplasm accessions of Paspalum (Plicatula group) from different regions in Brazil

We determined the chromosome number of 52 accessions of Paspalum from the germplasm collection of the Centro de Pesquisa de Pecuária do Sudeste (CPPSE/EMBRAPA) originating from different regions in Brazil. All accessions belonged to the Plicatula group, 13 of them being P. plicatulum, three P. guenoarum, two P. yaguaronense, two P. compressifolium, one P. atratum, and 31 still unidentified Paspalum sp. Except for a P. yaguaronense accession that presented 2n=60, all the remaining ones presented 2n=40 chromosomes. This is the first report of the chromosome number of P. atratum. Considering that the basic number for most species in the genus Paspalum is ×=10, the accessions analyzed are tetraploids (2n=4×=40) and hexaploids (2n=6×=60). This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

5种中国兰花RAPD反应条件的优化

以5种中国兰花为材料,提取了其叶片基因组DNA;以春兰叶片的基因组DNA为模板,优化了RAPD的反应条件.试验结果表明：春兰基因组DNA的最适扩增条件为,25μL体系,Taq酶0.08 U/μL,dNTP 240μmol/L,Mg^2＋1.2mmol/L,随机引物0.5μmol/L,模板DNA6.2 ng/μL;反应因子低于最适值,会导致扩增带数减少甚至无带;但若高于最适值,则会出现带的弥散或缺失.     

不同抗旱性柱花草品种在高渗溶液中的萌发特性

利用PEG高渗溶液法研究不同抗旱性柱花草品种的萌发特性。结果表明：除质量浓度为100g/L的PEG对热研2号和热研10号的种子萌发有轻微的促进作用外,其余质量浓度PEG对种子的萌发、胚芽和胚根的生长都有抑制作用。胚根抑制率和根芽比的变化幅度基本反映了柱花草的抗旱性,可作为抗旱性评价的参考指标;质量浓度为250 g/L的PEG处理下的相对根芽比差异非常显著,可作为柱花草抗旱性评价的可靠指标。     

海滨雀稗EST资源的SSR信息分析及EST-SSR标记开发

本研究探讨海滨雀稗EST序列中SSR位点的分布特征,开发EST-SSR引物分析其在草坪草种质资源遗传多样性研究中的应用。利用SSRIT软件对81220条海滨雀稗EST序列进行SSR位点搜索,分析EST-SSR的分布和特点,并利用Primer 3.0软件设计50对引物,选择10份草坪草对引物进行有效性和多态性检测。结果表明,从13705条海滨雀稗EST序列中检测到了22721个SSR位点,出现频率为16.87%。三核苷和单核苷酸重复为主要类型,所占比例分别为31.71%和29.28%。在检测到的163种基元中,出现最多的重复基元是A/T,其次是CCG/CGG和AGC/CTG。选择合成了50对EST-SSR引物,以海滨雀稗‘Adalady’基因组DNA为模板进行PCR扩增,其中37对引物能扩增出条带。利用这些引物对10份草坪草品种进行多态性检测,其中12对引物的扩增结果具有多态性。利用开发的EST-SSR标记对10份草坪草进行聚类分析,可将其分为4类。利用海滨雀稗EST序列开发SSR标记是可行的,开发的EST-SSR标记能有效用于草坪草遗传多样性研究。     

濒危植物大花杓兰种子离体培养条件初探

[目的]该研究旨在探讨野生大花杓兰种子人工大量繁殖的培养条件。[方法]以大花杓兰半成熟种子为试验材料,对其在无菌条件下的萌发进行了研究。[结果]结果表明,0.5%的NaClO预处理种子160 min,pH 5.8及添加0.5 mg/L 6-BA和马铃薯浸提物的Harvais培养基是大花杓兰种子无菌萌发的最佳培养条件。[结论]该研究为大花杓兰种子的组培繁殖提供依据。     

镉胁迫对3个品种圭亚那柱花草镉积累和矿质养分吸收的影响

利用不同浓度Cd2+溶液对3个品种圭亚那柱花草[Stylosanthes guianensis(Aublet)Swartz]进行不同程度的胁迫处理,以研究镉胁迫对柱花草生长、镉积累和矿质养分吸收的影响。结果表明:在镉胁迫下,3个品种圭亚那柱花草生长均受到抑制,TPRC2001-18(S.guianensis TPRC2001-18)受抑制作用最强,其次是热研10号(S.guianensis cv.Reyan No.10),而热研2号(S.guianensis cv.Reyan No.2)受抑制最弱。在镉胁迫下3个品种柱花草地上部和地下部镉含量均显著增加;镉浓度在1.0～5.0 mg/kg时,3个品种柱花草地上部镉含量从高到低的顺序为热研2号>热研10号>TPRC2001-18。镉胁迫能干扰柱花草对氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)养分的吸收。