基于近红外漫反射光谱的云芝提取物多糖含量快速检测研究

为探索快速无损测定云芝提取物中多糖含量的方法,通过采集粉末状云芝提取物近红外光谱,经预处理和波段选择,结合间隔偏最小二乘法(iPLS)和反向区间偏最小二乘法(Bi-PLS),建立并优化云芝提取物多糖含量检测模型。结果表明,光谱区间为9 365.92~8 918.76 cm~(-1)和5 341.48~4 894.32cm~(-1),二阶导数(SD)预处理后,建立的反向区间偏最小二乘法模型更优,其校正决定系数(R_(cal))、校正均方根差(RMSECV)、验证决定系数(R_(val))和验证均方根差(RMSEP)可分别达到0.9089、0.00781、0.9879和0.00292。该模型可以更有效地优选建模所需波段,降低模型复杂度,降低多糖含量的检测成本,提高检测效率,实现云芝提取物多糖含量的快速、无损检测。     

近红外光谱结合偏最小二乘法快速评估土壤质量

以长江中下游粮食主产区水稻土为研究对象,采集17种不同施肥处理下共136个土壤样品在350 ～2 500 nm范围的近红外光谱,利用偏最小二乘回归分析结合交叉验证法建立了近红外漫反射光谱与传统化学分析方法测得的全碳、全氮、碳氮比、速效钾、速效磷、电导率、土壤pH等土壤指标之间的定量分析模型。模型的决定系数（R2）以及化学分析值标准差（SD）与模型的内部交叉验证均方差（RMSECV）的比值RSC用于判定建立的模型的好坏。结果表明：全碳、全氮、碳氮比和pH模型的R2和RSC分别为：R2=0.94,RSC=4.31;R2=0.95,RSC=4.35;R2=0.97,RSC=5.60;R2=0.92,RSC=3.37,说明上述土壤指标的预测结果很好。速效钾模型的R2和RSC分别为：R2=0.87,RSC=2.23,表明预测结果尚好。而速效磷和电导率模型的R2和RSC分别为：R2=0.18,RSC=1.16;R2=0.37,RSC=1.31,说明两者的预测结果均很不理想。综上所述,水稻土的土壤质量相关指标（全碳、全氮、碳氮比、速效钾和土壤pH）可以通过近红外光谱结合偏最小二乘法（NIR-PLS）快速评估。     

基于多光谱成像技术的大麦赤霉病识别

该文提出了一种根据大麦多光谱图像实时识别大麦赤霉病害的方法。首先利用阈值分割以及形态学的处理算法去除大麦穗图像背景和麦芒干扰信息;其次从预处理后的多光谱图像中提取图像的颜色统计特征;最后将这些颜色统计特征数据经过预处理后应用偏最小二乘法（principal component analysis, PLS）进行模式特征分析,经过交互验证法判别选取最佳的主成分数,输入到最小二乘-支持向量机模型(least square-support vector machine, LS-SVM),建立病害识别模型。经过比较发现多元散射校正处理后,最佳主成分为1的最小二乘支持向量机模型对病害的识别准确率最高,达到93.9%。表明利用多光谱成像信息可对大麦赤霉病进行准确识别,为植物病害监测与防治提供了一条新方法。     

Genotypic differences of maize in grain yield response to deficit irrigation

This study was undertaken to investigate genotypic differences of five maize cultivars in grain yield response to two different modes of deficit irrigation, conventional deficit irrigation and partial root zone irrigation. Three irrigation treatments were implemented: (1) FULL irrigation, the control treatment where plant water requirement, 100% Class-A pan evaporation, was fully met and the furrows on both sides of the plant rows were irrigated; (2) partial root zone irrigation (PRI), 35% deficit irrigation, compared to FULL treatment, was applied in every other furrow thus irrigating only one side of the plant rows. The furrows irrigated were alternated every irrigation; (3) conventional deficit irrigation (CDI), the same amount of water as PRI was applied in furrows on both sides of the plant rows, similar to FULL irrigation treatment. Five maize cultivars (P.31.G.98, P.3394, Rx:9292, Tector and Tietar) showing extreme growth response to water stress were selected out of ten cultivars tested with earlier completed greenhouse-pot experiment. A split-plot experimental design, comprising three irrigation treatments and five maize cultivars with four replicates, was used during two years of work, in 2005 and 2006. Total of nine irrigations, with one-week irrigation interval, were annually applied using a drip-irrigation system. Soil water status was monitored using a neutron moisture gauge, in addition to measuring leaf water potential and above-ground biomass production throughout the growing season. Grain yield and other yield attributes were measured at harvest as well as assessing differences in plant root distributions. Decrease in grain yield and harvest index of the tested cultivars, compared to FULL treatment, was proportionally less under PRI than CDI. Whether or not a significant yield advantage can be obtained under PRI compared to CDI showed significant (P < 0.05) genotypic variability. Tector and Tietar among the tested cultivars of maize showed significantly higher grain yield (P < 0.05) under PRI than CDI. The yield advantage of the genotypes (P.3394 and Tector) under PRI compared to CDI seems related to their enhanced root biomass developed under PRI.     

2003-2017年陕西省NDVI时空变化及其影响因素

[目的] 研究影响陕西省植被覆盖主导气候类和非气候类因子,为区域生态文明建设提供科学依据。[方法] 基于2003—2017年MODIS NDVI数据,利用趋势分析和地理探测器模型等方法,研究了气候类和非气候因素对陕西省植被覆盖的影响。[结果] ①2003—2017年陕西省NDVI空间分布总体上为改善趋势,但在不同植被类型区和生态区有所差异。②降水是影响陕西省植被覆盖空间分布的主导气候类因素,其他因素对当地植被覆盖影响程度有所差异。③降水与气温、日照、风速、相对湿度的交互作用对陕西省植被覆盖空间分布起主导作用。且气温的作用只有在和降水的交互作用下才能体现出来。④植被类型和地貌是陕西省植被覆盖空间分布的主导非气候类因素,其他因素的影响有所差异。⑤植被类型、地貌和土壤类型之间的交互作用对陕西省植被覆盖空间分布起主导作用。人口、GDP的影响也只有在与其他因素的交互作用下才能显现出来。[结论] 气候类因素的影响大于非气候类因素,气候类和非气候类因素的共同作用能够充分的解释植被覆盖空间分布。     

基于光谱技术的畜禽污水化学需氧量快速测定方法的研究

化学需氧量(COD)是评价水体污染程度的一项重要综合性指标。随着环境污染问题的日益严重,传统的测量方法由于存在分析成本高、时间长,并且还会造成二次污染等问题,已经不能够满足污水检测的需求,提出了采用光谱技术进行畜禽污水COD快速测定的方法。采用ASD公司的便携式光谱仪,选用容积分别为1000 mL和2000 mL的烧杯作为盛样容器,对18个不同COD浓度水平的污水样本进行了测量。通过吸光度与水样COD值的相关性分析表明,水样的光谱特性与COD值之间存在较好的相关性,以此建立偏最小二乘回归模型。结果表明,两种不同盛样容器(1000 mL、2000 mL)下的预测决定系数达到0.9895和0.9985,校正样本标准偏差为14.2和11.5,预测样本标准偏差为22和32,预测相对偏差均在10％以下,能够满足农业工程应用的要求。说明可以利用光谱技术对畜禽污水的COD含量进行定量分析,COD预测模型的建立也将为开发水质在线检测仪器提供技术基础。     

Customer adapted grading of Scots pine sawn timber using a multivariate method

To define new grading rules, or to customize the ones in use in a rule-based automatic grading (RBAG) system of boards, is a time-consuming job for a sawmill engineer. This has the effect that changes are rarely made. The objective of this study was to continue the development of a method that replaces the calibration of grading rule settings by a holistic-subjective automatic grading, using multivariate models. The objective was also to investigate if this approach can improve sawmill profitability and at the same time have a satisfied customer. For the study, 323 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) boards were manually graded according to the preferences of an important customer. That is, a customer that regularly purchases significant volumes of sawn timber. This manual grading was seen as reference grading in this work. The same boards were also scanned and graded by a RBAG system, calibrated for the same customer. Multivariate models for prediction of board grade based on aggregated knot variables, obtained from the scanning, were calibrated using partial least squares regression. The results show that prediction of board grades by the multivariate models were more correct, with respect to the manual grading, than the grading by the RBAG system. The prediction of board grades based on multivariate models resulted in 76–87% of the boards graded correctly, according to the manual grading, while the corresponding number was 63% for the RBAG system.     

Prediction of watermelon quality based on vibration spectrum

Judging watermelon quality based on its apparent properties such as size or skin color is difficult. A non-destructive method is employed here, based on vibrational response spectrum, to determine the quality indices of watermelon (Charleston gray). The responses of samples to vibration excitation were recorded by laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV). The phase shift between input and output signals were extracted over a wide frequency range. The total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and TSS/TA ratio also measured as watermelon quality characters. Stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) as well as partial least square regression (PLS) was applied to extracted vibration spectrums to construct prediction models of watermelon quality. The results showed that performance of SMLR models were better than PLS. The determination coefficients (R²) of SMLR validation models were 0.9976, 0.9985 and 0.9542 for TSS, TA and TSS/TA respectively. It is likely that reduction of cell wall materials to soluble solids during ripening process changes viscoelastic properties of watermelon reflected by vibrational response. This study demonstrated the feasibility of mentioned method for predicting the quality of watermelons in an industrial grading system.     

Investigating the effects of simulated transport vibration on tomato tissue damage based on vis/NIR spectroscopy

Visible and near infrared (vis/NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics were investigated to evaluate the effects of simulated transport vibration levels on damage of tomato fruit. A total of 280 tomato samples were randomly divided into 5 groups; each group was subjected to vibration at different acceleration levels. A total of 230 samples (46 from each group) were selected as a calibration set; whereas 50 samples (10 from each group) were selected as a prediction set. Raw spectra, differentiation (the first derivative) spectra, extended multiplicative scatter correction (EMSC) processed spectra and standard normal variant combined with detrending (SNV–DT) processed spectra were used for calibration models. SNV–DT processed spectra had the best performance using for partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The PLS analysis was implemented to calibrate models with different wavelength bands including visible, short-wave near infrared (SWNIR) and long-wave near infrared (LWNIR) regions. The best PLS model was obtained in the vis/NIR (600–1600 nm) region. Using a grid search technique and radial basis function (RBF) kernel, four least squares support vector machine (LS–SVM) models with different latent variables (7, 8, 9, and 10 LVs) were compared. The optimal model was obtained with 9 LVs and the correlation coefficient (r), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and bias for the best prediction by LS–SVM were 0.984, 0.137 and 0.003, respectively. The results showed that vis/NIR spectroscopy could be applied as a reliable and rapid method for predicting the effect of vibration levels on tissue damage of tomato fruit.     

基于小波消噪柑橘内部品质近红外光谱的无损检测

为探讨柑橘内部品质无损检测方法,通过3阶Daubechies小波4级分解,对柑橘近红外光谱进行消噪预处理,并运用偏最小二乘法建立了柑橘贮藏中可溶性固形物、糖度、酸度和维生素C含量的校正预测模型.结果表明:建立的可溶性固形物含量预测模型,其预测值与标准值的相关系数为0.954,预测校正均方差为0.418%,最优光谱波段为6 101.7～4 246.5 cm-1;建立的可溶性总糖含量预测模型,其预测值与标准值的相关系数达0.975,预测校正均方差为0.490%,最优光谱波段为7 507.7～6 097.8 cm-1;建立的总酸含量预测模型,其预测值与标准值的相关系数达0.948,预测校正均方差为0.022%,最优光谱波段为 6 101.7～4 246.5 cm-1;建立的维生素C含量预测模型,其预测值与标准值的相关系数为0.957,预测校正均方差为0.039 mg/g,最优光谱波段为7 501.7～5 449.8 cm-1.