水稻田土壤硫酸盐还原活性的测定及其影响因子的研究

用显色比色测定法研究影响测定黄松稻田土壤硫酸盐还原活性的因素。结果表明水稻田土壤的含水量、培养温度和时间、硫酸盐的加入量和碳源物质对测定水稻田土壤硫酸盐还原活性有显著性影响。显色比色法测定水稻田土壤硫酸盐还原活性的最适条件为:土壤含水量(W/W％)在35％左右、培养时间为24h、培养温度为28℃、加入硫酸钠的最适量应在500μg/g干土左右。     

莲子热风干燥过程对其淀粉热特性及凝胶化的影响

为解决莲子干燥过程中淀粉形态结构变化造成莲子结壳、硬化,不利于干燥以及复水难、易返生问题,该文利用差示扫描量热技术(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)对新鲜莲子以及不同热风干燥(70、80、90℃)莲子的淀粉热特性与凝胶化过程进行了研究.研究发现,莲子淀粉在低水分环境(42.2%,以质量比计)时存在2个明显的吸热峰,高水分环境(71.1%,以质量比计)时存在1个明显的吸热峰;莲子在干燥过程中不断失水,并伴随着淀粉凝胶化.方差分析(analysis of variance,ANOVA)表明,高温干燥显著影响莲子淀粉的热特性,其淀粉凝胶化温度(峰起温度To、峰顶温度Tp以及峰止温度Te)部分显著升高.相同干燥条件下,莲子淀粉糊化焓ΔH受水分显著影响,但干燥温度、升温速率对其影响不显著(P>0.01).采用Kissinger、Crane方程获得了淀粉凝胶化动力学参数(活化能Ea、指前因子Z以及反应级数n).莲子淀粉的非等温凝胶化反应可近似为一级反应,高温干燥后其Ea值出现增加,并随着水分增加呈现降低趋势.研究结果可为确定莲子高品质干燥工艺以及干莲子、莲子淀粉后续加工过程提供技术支持.     

丰加霉素对黄瓜立枯丝核菌的拮抗作用

采用菌丝生长速率法和盆栽试验法,研究了淀粉酶产色链霉菌Streptomyces diastatochromogenes胞外代谢产物丰加霉素（toyocamycin）对黄瓜立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani的拮抗作用。结果表明：丰加霉素对立枯丝核菌菌丝生长和菌核形成有明显的抑制作用,抑制菌丝生长的EC50值为1.67mg.L-1,浓度为2.20mg.L-1时能完全抑制菌核形成。盆栽试验结果表明,丰加霉素对黄瓜苗立枯病有明显的保护和治疗作用。喷施19.54mg.L-1丰加霉素14d后,对黄瓜苗立枯病的治疗效果为71.91%,显著高于对照霉灵1000倍液的治疗效果（35.83%）;喷施19.54mg.L-1丰加霉素14d后,预防效果为51.06%,与对照无显著差异。施药后21d和14d的治疗效果和保护效果均相当;同时19.54mg.L-1和9.77mg.L-1的丰加霉素对黄瓜立枯病的作用效果相当。     

伪狂犬病流行现状及我国应采取的防制措施

目的研究山柰提取物在体外抑制伪狂犬病病毒活性。方法通过响应面法优化山柰的超声提取工艺,并用荧光定量PCR法检测山柰提取物抗病毒的作用方式及其作用时间点。结果以黄酮含量作为响应值,优化得到最佳制备工艺：溶剂为80%乙醇,功率208 W,提取98 min;抗伪狂犬病毒活性研究表明：山柰提取物对伪狂犬病毒的半数抑制质量浓度(IC₅₀)为55.85 μg/mL,作用方式为抑制病毒的穿入和复制阶段,在病毒感染24 h内加入山柰提取物均表现出显著的抗病毒活性。结论山柰提取物具有显著的体外抗伪狂犬病毒活性。     

Healing and Preventive Effects of Calcium Alginate on Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Liver Injury in Rats

The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacological effects of calcium alginate on carbon tetrachloride (CCL₄)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The study included two experiments. In the first experiment the animals were given daily CCL₄ through gavage for 7 days and then 10, 50, or 250 mg/kg b.w. of calcium alginate for 21 days. The increased bilirubin level, enhanced alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activity in plasma and reduced liver glycogen content induced by CCL₄ were partly normalized by alginate administration in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, alginate significantly improved CCL₄-induced alterations of pro-oxidant and antioxidant biochemical parameters in liver and plasma compared to those of rats administered CCL₄. In the second experiment the animals were given daily 10, 50 or 250 mg/kg b.w. of calcium alginate for 21 days before 7-day administration of CCL₄. Pretreatment with alginate before CCL₄ administration resulted in significantly inhibited increase of the blood enzymatic activities of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases and bilirubin level in a dose-dependent manner. Also, preliminary administration of alginate prevented elevation of lipid peroxidation products and reduction of liver glutathione content in rats given CCL_4. These results suggest that calcium alginate exerts healing and preventive effects on CCL₄-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.     

野生麻花秦艽中龙胆苦苷和黄酮对牧草的化感作用及抗氧化性研究

采用超声提取法从野生麻花秦艽(G.straminea Maxim.)中提取龙胆苦苷(Gentiopicroside)和黄酮(Flavones),用不同浓度龙胆苦苷和黄酮提取液处理受试植物紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和红三叶(Trifolium pratense),通过研究受试植物种子发芽和胚根生长,探讨了野生麻花秦艽的化感作用及抗氧化性。结果表明,野生麻花秦艽中不同浓度的龙胆苦苷和黄酮提取液对两种受体植物种子发芽和胚根生长都表现出化感抑制作用(P0.05),且对紫花苜蓿的抑制作用大于红三叶:当龙胆苦苷浓度为12.6 mg·mL~(-1),黄酮浓度为0.78和1.95mg·mL~(-1)时,紫花苜蓿发芽率(G)、发芽势(GE)和发芽指数(GI)的化感效应指数(RI)都大于红三叶;研究还表明其对羟自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子(O_2~-·)、二苯苦味酰肼自由基(DPPH·)都有一定的清除能力。     

Induced resistance in cotton seedlings against fusarium wilt by dried biomass of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium chrysogenum</Emphasis> and its water extract

Dry mycelium (DM) of killedPenicillium chrysogenum and its water extract (DME) were used to induce resistance in cotton plants againstFusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum (Fov). Results showed that the efficacy of either DM or DME in controlling the disease depends on both the concentration and the mode of application. DM amended to the soil at 0.25–2% (w/w) provided 32–75% protection againstFov. Soil drench with 2–5% DME (w/v) and pre-sowing seed soakage with 5–10% DME provided 51–77% and 28–35% protection against the wilt disease, respectively, whereas no protection was obtained with foliar sprays of 1–10% DME. DM and its water extract had no direct antifungal activity on growth ofFov in vitro, suggesting that disease control with DM or DME resulted from the induction of natural defense mechanisms in the cotton plants. Soil drench with 5% DME was as effective as 2% DM powder in inducing resistance againstFov, implying that the resistance-inducing substances were mostly water-soluble. Four cotton cultivars with various genetic resistance levels againstFov were tested at the seedling stage: two resistant ‘Pima’ cultivars and two susceptible ‘Acala’ cultivars. The level of protection achieved in the two susceptible cultivars with DME was equal to, or higher than, that of the two resistant cultivars treated with water. Innate and induced peroxidase activity in cotyledons or hypocotyls and roots coincided with the level of genetic resistance and DME-induced resistance, respectively. Based on our results, an integrated control strategy ofFov with both genetic resistance and induced resistance is suggested.     

蛋氨酸钴对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长、矿物元素沉积及肝脏酶活力的影响

在基础饲料中添加不同梯度的蛋氨酸钴(Co Met),制成钴含量分别为0.30 mg/kg、1.75 mg/kg、3.42 mg/kg、6.73 mg/kg、12.56 mg/kg、25.50 mg/kg的6组实验饲料(记作D1、D2、D3、D4、D5、D6组),饲喂初始体重(60.02±0.42)g的珍珠龙胆石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatu♂×E.fuscoguttatus♀)幼鱼8周,研究蛋氨酸钴对其生长、矿物元素沉积和肝脏酶活力的影响。结果表明,随饲料中蛋氨酸钴含量的增加,实验鱼增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)均先升后降,D3组显著高于其他组(P0.05);饲料系数(FCR)先降后升,D3、D4组显著低于其他组(P0.05)。蛋氨酸钴对肌肉水分和灰分含量均无显著影响(P0.05);粗蛋白含量呈降低的趋势,D5、D6组显著低于D1~D4组(P0.05),但二者之间无显著差异(P0.05);粗脂肪含量先降后升,D4组显著低于其他组(P0.05),D6组显著高于其他组(P0.05)。肝脏、肠道、脊椎骨及肌肉钴含量均随饲料中蛋氨酸钴的增加而显著增加(P0.05);全鱼钴沉积率呈先升高后平稳的趋势,D1组显著低于其他组(P0.05)。肝脏铁、铜和锌含量随饲料中蛋氨酸钴的增加呈先升后降的趋势;肝脏锰含量显著降低(P0.05)。随饲料中蛋氨酸钴的增加,肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活力先升后降,D5组显著高于其他组(P0.05);D5、D6组肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于其他组(P0.05);肝脏精氨酸酶(DArg)活力随饲料中蛋氨酸钴的增加显著升高(P0.05);D4~D6组肝脏羧肽酶A(CPA)活力显著高于D1~D3组(P0.05),但三组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。本实验条件下,以SGR为评价指标,经折线回归分析,珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼对钴的最适需求量为3.25 mg/kg,即53.28 mg(Co Met)/kg(饲料)。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌HAB-6抑菌活性成分的分析

为明确解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HAB-6菌株的抑菌活性物质,采用平板对峙法检测其对17种植物病原真菌的拮抗能力,通过硫酸铵沉淀法、酸沉淀法、有机溶剂萃取法提取HAB-6菌株的活性物质,并检测其稳定性。结果表明:解淀粉芽胞杆菌HAB-6菌株对17种植物病原真菌均具有良好的抑菌活性,抑制率可达45.48%~72.20%;不同提取方法中仅正丁醇粗提物有抑菌活性,在5 mg/m L浓度下抑菌圈直径达21.49 mm;正丁醇粗提物经紫外线照射120 min后,抑菌活性为对照的78%,而经100℃高温处理后抑菌活性仍为对照的91%,表明HAB-6菌株的活性物质具有较好的热稳定性;但不耐强酸强碱,其适宜的p H为5.0~9.0。正丁醇粗提物可抑制芒果炭疽病菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长,能有效抑制芒果炭疽病菌对芒果果实的侵染。表明HAB-6菌株抑菌谱广,其正丁醇提取物具较强的抑菌活性和较好的稳定性,具有良好的开发应用前景。     

枯草芽胞杆菌BS501a复合诱变菌株及抗菌谱研究

［目的］ 通过复合诱变进一步提高枯草芽胞杆菌BS501a的生防效果。［方法］ 以BS501a为出发菌株,采用N+离子注入和60Coγ射线照射进行复合诱变。［结果］ 获得了5株拮抗活性提高的突变菌株。传代稳定性试验表明BSC45菌株经5次传代后拮抗稳定性仍保持在88.3%。该突变株各代与稻瘟病菌对峙培养拮抗带宽平均为7.5 mm,比出发菌株BS501a与稻瘟病菌对峙培养拮抗带宽6.05 mm提高了24%。采用对峙培养试验研究BSC45抗菌谱,发现BSC45仍保留了广谱拮抗活性。［结论］ 枯草芽胞杆菌突变株BSC45对多种真菌有抗菌作用,是一株很有潜力的生防菌株。