稻米营养品质的研究现状及分子改良途径

本文综述了稻米营养品质(蛋白质、赖氨酸和微量营养素)的经典遗传学和分子遗传学、分子育种的研究现状，并对利用分子标记辅助育种方法提高稻米营养品质作了展望。     

籼稻体细胞胚胎发生特异性蛋白质研究

以籼稻Oryza sativa L.subsp. indica品种“广陆矮4号”幼穗和种子为外植体，在含有2，4-D2.0mg/L的MS培养基上，分别形成胚性和非胚性愈伤组织，建立体细胞胚胎发生实验系统。应用Native/SDS双向凝胶电泳分析，结果表明，非胚性愈伤组织分化培养前后均存在一种分子量为45kD的非胚性蛋白质N1，另一种非胚性蛋白质N2（54kD）仅     

水稻与高梁属间远缘杂交花粉管行为观察

水稻和高粱是禾本科的两个异属作物,因其遗传距离较远,杂交表现不亲和,结实率极低,难以获得种子.为初步了解水稻与高粱属间远缘杂交花粉管行为,探索该远缘杂交的发生过程,本实验以籼稻珍汕97A×珍汕97B和Ⅱ-32A×Ⅱ-32B两个组合为对照,对珍汕97A×晋江多枝高粱和Ⅱ-32A×晋江多枝高粱两个属间远缘杂交组合的花粉管行为作初步的观察与研究,结果表明晋江多枝高粱花粉粒能象水稻花粉粒一样在水稻柱头上正常萌发,花粉管在花柱及子房中生长与伸长,有些能最终到达子房的基部;同时高梁花粉管生长也出现诸如不能进入花柱、胼胝质不规则堆积、花粉管末端钝化等一系列的异常表现,致使不少花粉管停滞生长.     

Determination of vc and mating types of Cryphonectria parasitica isolates by multiplex PCR and their genetic diversity in 13 chestnut-growing provinces of Turkey

Vegetative compatibility (vc) and mating types and genetic diversity of Cryphonectria parasitica isolates were determined using 183 isolates obtained from 215 infected chestnut trees growing in 13 provinces of Turkey. Based on the cultural aspects, 143 of these isolates were evaluated as virulent whereas the remaining 40 isolates were hypovirulent. When vc types of 183 isolates were classically differentiated, 135 of them matched to EU-1 (82.3%), 29 of them to EU-12 (17.6%) vc type, whereas 19 of them did not match to the two. When molecular vic markers were used, all the isolates were assigned to two EU vc types; 149 to EU-1 (81.4%) and 34 (18.5%) to EU-12. Of the majority of the isolates, 134 (73.2%) had mating-type MAT-1, while 44 (24%) isolates had MAT-2 and 5 (2.8%) isolates had both mating types. The population analysis based on two DNA marker systems, Inter-Primer Binding Site and Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism, showed no intraspecific genetic variation among the C. parasitica isolates. The prevalence of two dominant vc types revealed by this study shows that biological control with hypovirulent EU-1 and EU-12 isolates will be significant for the country. The results might be helpful to chestnut breeders carrying out resistance breeding studies to manage this disease based on hypovirulence attributed to Cryphonectria hypovirus 1.     

Improvement of Appearance Traits of elite Rice Zhenshan 97B by Molecular Introgression of Targeted about 800 kb Interval from Indica Rice Jiafuzhan Genome

Rice appearance trait is mainly mean grain length (GL), grain width (GW), ratio of length and width (L/W), chalkiness (CH) and transparence (TR). Appearance is the first impression, and rice appearance traits effect significantly the value of commodity. Hybrid rice is relatively low quality, especially on rice appearance quality,which restricts partially its extend and badly export of hybrid seed and rice in China.Shanyou 63, the most famous hybrid rice combination of China, could not be also sustainable application because of its poor qualities. In this studies, We attempt to improve appearance quality of the elite rice maintainer of Zhenshan 97B by using molecular approach of genomic interval targeted introgression. Three F2 populations were constructed to study the classical and molecular genetic of rice appearance traits, at the same time, molecular marker-asisted toimprove the main maintainer line, Zhenshan 97B were performed. There some following results:Three F2 populations were constructed based on crosses of Guangluai 4×Jiafuzhan (GJ popu.), Minghui 86×Jiafuzhan (MJ popu.) and Zhenshan 97B×Jiafuzhan (ZJ popu.). ZJ popu and GJ popu were produced to reconstruct the linkage maps related with rice appearance traits based on BSA, and detect QTL of target traits based on IM.In ZJ popu, 9 QTLs of target traits were detected. The interval, RM169～RM516 on Chromosome 5, was genetic locus of GW, L/W, CH and BW, and the explained variances were 10.9%, 14.9%, 12.0% and 14.2%, respectively.RM214 on chromosome 7, RM339 on chromosome 8 were genetic loci if CH and BW, and the explained variances were 9.4%, 10.0%, 11.0% and 12.1%. besides there is a genetic locus, RM347, of G/W on chromosome 3, and the explained varance was 10.3%. In GJ popu, 5 QTLs of rice appearance traits were detected. The interval, RM169-RM516 on Chromosome 5, were also the genetic loci of GW, CH and BW, and the explained variances were 9.0%, 12.5%, and 13.6%, respectively. RM264～RM80 on chromosome 8 was the genetic loci of GW amd L/W,and the explained variances were 14.7% and 13.4%. The genotypes of all QTLs, except RM214, from Jiafuzhan contributed to improving riee appearance traits.The research was to improve the rice appearance quality of Zhenshan 97B by introgressing QTLs of rice appearance traits from Jiafuzhan, a donor parent, by means of MAS in the process of recurrent backcrossing, 4 SSR markers were used to detect the target genotypes from donor parent, and 70 SSR primers to identify the genetic background of recurrent parent. Consequently, there were 19 target individuals in BC3, in which the mean value of GL, GW, L/W, CH and BW were 6.06±0.04mm, 2.50±0.02mm, 2.43±0.02, 29.5±2.7 and 29.4±2.7%, respectively,and the mean homologous degree (HD) to recurrent parent is up to 98.22%. Compared to Zhenshan 97B, GL, CH and BW decreased 0.17 mm, 34.9% and 34.5% respectively and however L/W increased 0.19. which accounted separately for 25.37%, 54.79%, 54.57% and 10.50% of thedifference of every trait between two parents. It is very luckly to find a individual, 13BC2-3BC3 line, whose GL, GW, G/W, CH and BW were 6.04 mm, 2.43 mm, 2.49,2.5% and 2.5% separately, There is very important signification for it to be used in hybrid rice breeding improving appearance traits. In the research, MAS efficiency of 3 loci (with 4 markers ) was 5.68% and coincident degree was 73.08%.     

OsI2基因的克隆及其植物表达载体的构建

在旱稻IRAT109干旱胁迫下cDNA芯片分析结果的基础上,通过RT-PCR,5'-RACE及3'-RACE方法,从IRAT109总RNA中扩增得到了干旱胁迫下芯片表达谱中上升表达强度第二的基因全长序列,命名为OsI2,全长有523 bp,并对基因序列结构进行了分析.该基因与全长cDNA文库中的CT836140.1有99%同源.OsI2基因编码产物对应1个包含57个氨基酸的开放阅读框(ORF),为一功能未知蛋白.其编码产物也可能对应两个中间相隔19 bp的较小ORFs(43个氨基酸和42个氨基酸),都是功能未知的蛋白.在pBI121载体的基础上,将OsI2基因与CaMV35S连接成功构建了pBl121-OsI2植物表达载体,为进一步研究其功能创造了条件.     

水稻籼粳分化研究进展

籼粳分化是水稻遗传分化的主流,而明晰水稻的起源演化和亲缘关系,对合理有效地利用种质资源和品种改良具有重要的参考价值.从形态学、生物化学和分子遗传学的角度阐述了国内外在不同时期对水稻籼粳分化相关研究取得的成果,总结了人们对于籼粳分化相关理论的认识,并对该领域研究存在的不足和发展趋势进行探讨.     

萘对松前水稻（OryzasativaCV．生理的影响及其残留Matsumae）生长和

以松前水稻为试验材料,研究了5种浓度萘污染土壤对松前水稻生长和生理生化指标的影响,以及植物成熟期时土壤中萘的残留。结果表明：①萘浓度低于20mg·kg^-1时促进幼苗茎径、茎长、株高的生长,高浓度对其生长有显著的抑制作用。②萘胁迫对水稻叶片游离脯氨酸和蛋白质代谢均有一定的影响,且影响程度以苗期最为明显,其次是分蘖期和拔节期;水稻幼苗阶段萘的高浓度组MDA累积量极显著高于对照,水稻幼苗阶段受到膜脂过氧化影响较为显著,分蘖期次之;拔节期水稻开始新生器官,抗性较弱,萘胁迫产生的过氧化作用超过了水稻的承受范围,使SOD活性显著降低。③在试验所设萘浓度范围内,水稻各生长期叶片叶绿素和光合作用速率均呈不同的变化趋势,但是变化幅度均不超过对照的±5％,说明萘胁迫对松前水稻的光合作用没有显著影响,水稻对萘胁迫有一定的耐受性。④经过水稻一个生长周期,萘在种子中的残留量最多,其次是根部,且土壤中萘各浓度组的残留量与对照组均无显著差异;水稻根部和种子中萘的含量均随萘浓度的增加呈先增加后逐渐降低趋势,但各浓度组均高于对照组,20mg·kg^-1时均达到最大值,分别为对照组的0．37倍、4．27倍。     

水稻植株不同部位中三唑磷含量动态分布趋势的研究

为揭示三唑磷农药在水稻中的动态变化,研究了田间栽培条件下两个品种水稻（内2优6号和秀水09）不同组织部位中三唑磷分布和动态趋势。水稻抽穗前,经不同浓度三唑磷（2250、4500mL·hm-2）处理一次,分别于0、1、3、7、14、21、60d测定水稻叶片、叶鞘、茎秆和穗等部位中三唑磷含量。结果表明,水稻叶片、叶鞘中三唑磷含量动态分布趋势均为随时间延长而逐渐降低,施药后第21d,2种水稻品种叶片中三唑磷的降解率均大于95%;水稻茎秆、穗中三唑磷含量动态分布趋势均呈现单峰曲线变化,其含量随时间延长先增加后降低。水稻叶片、叶鞘、茎秆和穗中三唑磷出现最高浓度的时间存在显著性差异,分别为施药后第0、0、1～3和21d,进一步表明,水稻叶鞘中三唑磷含量动态分布与叶片中相应过程具有一致性,而茎秆和穗中三唑磷含量动态分布与其在叶片和叶鞘中相应过程具有显著的滞后性。结合实际生产,水稻抽穗前应严格控制三唑磷的施用量和施用次数。     

Cd胁迫下绿豆和箭舌豌豆叶片抗氧化系统的变化

研究了Cd胁迫下绿豆（Phaseolus aureus）和箭舌豌豆（Vicia sativa）幼苗的生长,叶片内过氧化氢酶（CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、超氧化岐化酶（SOD）、愈创木酚过氧化物酶（GPOD）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）的同工酶活性,还原性谷胱甘肽（GSH）和抗坏血酸（ASC）以及Cd含量的变化。结果显示,100μmol.L-1Cd胁迫9d期间,随着Cd胁迫时间的延长,绿豆和箭舌豌豆幼苗主根的伸长量和其根系干重显著降低（P〈0.05）,根表面出现越来越明显的褐色,绿豆叶表面出现可见的褐色斑点;两种植物叶片的CAT、APX和SOD同工酶活性以及绿豆叶片的GR活性呈先升后降的趋势,而两种植物叶的GPOD活性明显增加;在箭舌豌豆叶片中,GR活性随Cd暴露时间的延长而增加,而GSH先降后升;在绿豆叶片中,GSH和ASC随Cd暴露时间的延长而降低;与此同时,两种植物叶片中Cd的含量也随Cd胁迫时间的延长而增加,和箭舌豌豆相比,绿豆叶片中Cd含量增加更多。结果表明,箭舌豌豆有较强的抗氧化能力。