Nitrogen Uptake and Use Efficiency in Upland Rice under Two Nitrogen Sources

Upland rice is an important crop in South America, including Brazil. Nitrogen (N) is one of the most yield-limiting nutrients in upland rice production in Brazil. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate N uptake and use efficiency as influenced by N sources. The soil used in the experiment was an Oxisol. The N sources were ammonium sulfate and urea, and N rates were 0, 50, 100, 150, 300, and 400 mg kg^?1 of soil. Nitrogen concentrations in the root, shoot, and grain were significantly influenced by N sources. The N rate and N source significantly influenced the N uptake in root, shoot, and grain. Similarly, nitrogen rate by N source interaction was also significant for N uptake in the root, shoot, and grain, indicating N source has a significant influence on uptake of N. Overall, concentration (content per unit dry weight) of N was greater in the grain, followed by root and shoot. Agronomical efficiency, apparent recovery efficiency, and utilization efficiency of N were significantly influenced by N rate and varied with N sources. However, physiological and agrophysiological efficiencies were only influenced significantly by N sources. Overall, N recovery efficiency was 33% for ammonium sulfate and 37% for urea. Hence, the large amount of N lost from soil–plant system may be by denitrification or voltilization.     

03-19-程旺大-密穗型水稻的研究现状及展望

水稻密穗型品种通过“扩库”使产量水平有了较大提高，其育成和推广在近20a来浙江省晚粳稻品种改良及增产中起了重要作用。分析了密穗型品种的形态学特征及其生理生态特性，从群体小气候环境、物质的生产和分配、产量结构、稻曲病的发生及稻米品质和灌浆特性等方面进行了讨论。在此基础上，对密穗型水稻的研究作了展望，认为应继续加大形态类型创新和育种基础材料的创新，开展不同类型品种源库关系的研究，以及不同类型品种品质差异及其形成机理的研究。     

水稻发育温度效应的非线性模型及其应用

水稻完成某一生育期所需的有效积温常因环境而异，表明广泛应用的线性积温法需要修正。分析表明，日最低温度比日最高温度效应更显著，说明发育速率与温度间呈非线性关系。于是，本文提出了一个具有较好预测性的非线性温度效应模型。它较其他非线模型的优点在于其参数的生物学意义清晰。对积温的不稳定性，它解释为：有效积温     

水稻两用核不育系育性转换光温反应型的分类研究

 在人工控制的9种光温处理下，对76份水稻两用核不育系的育性转换光温反应进行了研究。根据自交结实率的光周期效应、温度效应和光温互作效应的分析，供试的两用核不育系中，占96%的不育系的育性转换光温反应型可归为以下3种：（1）光周期敏感不育型，其统计学特征是育性转换的光温互作效应和光周期效应显著而温度效应不显著；（2）温度敏感不育型，其统计学特征是育性转换的温度效应显著而光周期效应不显著、光温互作效应显著或不显著；（3）光温互作不育型，其统计学特征是育性转换单独的光周期效应和温度效应不显著，仅光温互作效应显著。在供试的粳型不育系中，有34.8%、13.0%和47.8%的材料分属上述3种光温反应型;在供试的籼型不育系中,有73.6%和22.6%的材料分属温敏型和光温互作型,没有一份材料为光敏型。结果表明现有的两用核不育系育性转换光温反应是多型性的。文中还对实用性籼型两用核不育系育性转换光温反应型的选择问题作了讨论。     

多胚水稻品系APⅣ反足细胞多样性的观察

利用ＧＭＡ切片技术对多胚水稻品系ＡＰⅣ反足细胞的研究表明，ＡＰⅣ反足细胞在数目、形态、位置、分裂方式，分化的方向和功能等都存在多样性，说明反足细胞在胚囊发育中的表现是复杂的。     

RAPD Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Yunjie(Eruca sativa Mill.) in China

Genetic diversity of Yunjie (Eruca sativa Mill. ) in China was assessed by analyses of RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) markers. Twenty native cultivars representing Yunjie-growing ecotypes in China were selected as material in this study. Twelve out of the 64 tested random decamer primers were able to identify 131 stable RAPD bands from these Yunjie cultivars. Of them 105 bands, or 80.15% of the total, were polymorphic. Most Yunjie cultivars from the same ecotype had their characteristic DNA bands.Cluster analysis by unweighted pair group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA) suggested that the 20 Yunjie genotypes could be divided into four groups. The genetic distances among the 20 cultivars varied from 0. 117 8between Shuozhou and Shenchi to 0. 499 4 between Hetian and Xiliang. Hetian alone could be a new type of Yunjie identified in China because it had the greatest genetic distance from all the other tested cultivars. These results indicate that Chinese Yunjie have abundant genetic diversity. Classification of Chinese Yunjie based on the RAPD information was in good agreement with the relationships between these Yunjie cultivars in their geographic origins and their plant morphology.     

具有隐性高秆基因的矮秆迟熟突变体"02428ha"的遗传分析

"02428ha"是从隐性高秆水稻"02428h"中发现的1个矮秆迟熟突变体。其抽穗期比02428h迟32d左右,株高降低60cm左右。遗传分析表明,02428ha矮秆性状的遗传涉及2对基因,而迟熟感光性则受1对显性基因控制。     

Potential for the alleviation of arsenic toxicity in paddy rice using amorphous iron-(hydr)oxide amendments

Abstract

A pot culture experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of amorphous iron-(hydr)oxide (Am-FeOH) amendments on arsenic (As) availability and its uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. BR28) irrigated with As-contaminated water. A rhizobag system was established using 3.5 L plastic pots, each containing one central compartment for plant growth, a middle compartment and an outside compartment. Three levels of laboratory-synthesized Am-FeOH (0, 0.1 and 0.5% w/w) were used to amend samples of the As-free sandy loam paddy soil placed into each compartment of the rhizobag system. The soils were submerged with a solution containing 5 mg L^?1 As(V). Two-week-old rice seedlings were planted in the central compartments and cultured for 9 weeks under greenhouse conditions. The addition of 0.1% Am-FeOH to the soil irrigated with As-contaminated water improved plant growth, reduced the As concentration in the plants and enhanced Fe-plaque formation on the root surfaces. Analysis of soil solution samples collected during the experiment revealed higher pH levels and lower redox potentials in the soils amended with Am-FeOH at the onset of soil submergence, but later the soil solution collected from the 0.1% Am-FeOH treatment was slightly acidic and more oxidized than the solution from the 0% treatment. This indicated active functioning of the roots in the soil treated with 0.1% Am-FeOH. The concentrations of As(III) in the soil solution collected from the central compartment were significantly reduced by the Am-FeOH amendments, whereas in the soil treated with 0% Fe, As(III) accumulated in the rhizosphere, particularly during the late-cultivation period. The improvement in plant growth and reduction in As uptake by plants growing in the Am-FeOH treated soil could be attributed to the reduction of available As in the soil solution, mainly as a result of the binding of As to the Fe-plaque on the root surfaces.     

Increased grain yield and biomass allocation in rice under cool night temperature

Abstract

The effects of different night temperatures on grain yield were examined in rice (Oryza sativa L. Akita-63) during the ripening period. Plants were grown under two different night temperatures (22 and 27°C) from anthesis to harvesting. The day temperature was maintained at 27°C in both treatments. Although the final biomass at harvest did not differ between the treatments, the dry weight of the panicles was significantly greater in the cool night temperature treatment. This increase in panicle weight was associated with increases in the 1000-kernel weight and the ratio of filled spikelets. Although panicle respiration in the high night temperature treatment decreased to almost zero just after the cessation of grain filling, the net CO₂ fixation rate per day in the whole plant in this treatment tended to be higher, and this was associated with a higher level of starch accumulation. After grain filling, the starch content decreased and the final dry weight of other plant parts, including dead organs and new tillers, was greater in the high night temperature treatment. Thus, the noted decline in yield at the high night temperature led to changes in carbon allocation to new sinks for vegetative reproduction at the whole plant level. From these results, we considered the possibility that a cool night temperature tends to favor carbon allocation to panicles, resulting in higher yield.     

Identification and verification of quantitative trait loci for eating and cooking quality of rice (Oryza sativa)

This study was conducted to identify new quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that have stable effects for eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of rice. Three recombinant inbred line populations of indica rice were each planted in two years. Three traits for ECQ, amylose content (AC), gel consistency (GC) and alkali spreading value (ASV), were measured for QTL analysis. A total of 13 QTLs were detected, including four for AC, six for ASV and three for GC. Two QTLs, qGC4 in the interval RM16252–RM335 on the short arm of chromosome 4 and qGC6.2 in the Alk region, were validated in a population derived from a residual heterozygote that was homozygous at the major locus Wx. In the absence of segregation at the Wx locus, qGC4 and qGC6.2 had additive effects of 2.46 and 8.18 mm, respectively, offering a potential for improving GC property of rice varieties. Comparison between qGC4 and previous results suggests that qGC4 is likely a new QTL for GC, providing a candidate for gene cloning and functional characterization.