不同施氮水平对南方早稻氮素吸收利用及其产量和品质的影响

 在大田不同施氮条件下,研究了3个水稻品种的氮素吸收利用效率及其对产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施氮量增加,水稻氮素积累总量增加,而氮素的生产效率和收获指数下降。相同施氮量条件下提高穗肥比率,氮素积累量及其回收效率和运转效率增加,而氮素生产效率下降。不同施氮条件下水稻氮素吸收利用效率的变化对产量和品质性状产生重要影响,稻米蛋白质含量随氮素积累量增加而显著增加,随氮素生产效率提高而极显著下降;垩白米率及面积随氮素收获指数增加而显著提高。穗数随氮素积累量增加而显著增加,随氮素收获指数和氮素生产效率增加而显著下降;结     

RAPD Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Yunjie(Eruca sativa Mill.) in China

Genetic diversity of Yunjie (Eruca sativa Mill. ) in China was assessed by analyses of RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) markers. Twenty native cultivars representing Yunjie-growing ecotypes in China were selected as material in this study. Twelve out of the 64 tested random decamer primers were able to identify 131 stable RAPD bands from these Yunjie cultivars. Of them 105 bands, or 80.15% of the total, were polymorphic. Most Yunjie cultivars from the same ecotype had their characteristic DNA bands.Cluster analysis by unweighted pair group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA) suggested that the 20 Yunjie genotypes could be divided into four groups. The genetic distances among the 20 cultivars varied from 0. 117 8between Shuozhou and Shenchi to 0. 499 4 between Hetian and Xiliang. Hetian alone could be a new type of Yunjie identified in China because it had the greatest genetic distance from all the other tested cultivars. These results indicate that Chinese Yunjie have abundant genetic diversity. Classification of Chinese Yunjie based on the RAPD information was in good agreement with the relationships between these Yunjie cultivars in their geographic origins and their plant morphology.     

籼型杂交稻碾磨、外观品质性状的杂种优势分析

以具有广泛代表性的4个不育系和8个恢复系为材料,采用NC 交配设计研究了9个碾磨品质和外观品质性状的杂种优势及其相关性.结果表明,垩白粒率、垩白度、糙米率、精米率和整精米率表现正向中亲优势,糙米长、糙米宽、糙米长宽比表现负向中亲优势,糙米厚无中亲优势.垩白粒率和垩白度的中亲优势最大.垩白粒率、垩白度、糙米率和精米率表现正向超亲优势,整精米率、糙米长、糙米宽、糙米厚和糙米长宽比表现负向超亲优势.垩白度的超亲优势最大.相关分析表明,在糙米率、精米率、整精米率、垩白粒率和垩白度性状方面,F1杂种与其亲本值间无相关性,而除了垩白粒率外,与中亲优势和超亲优势间的相关均表现显著或极显著的正向水平.降低糙米长的超亲优势可明显增加整精米率的超亲优势,提高糙米长、糙米宽和糙米长宽比的超亲优势可明显增加垩白粒率和垩白度的超亲优势.     

具有隐性高秆基因的矮秆迟熟突变体"02428ha"的遗传分析

"02428ha"是从隐性高秆水稻"02428h"中发现的1个矮秆迟熟突变体。其抽穗期比02428h迟32d左右,株高降低60cm左右。遗传分析表明,02428ha矮秆性状的遗传涉及2对基因,而迟熟感光性则受1对显性基因控制。     

水稻卫星搭载突变性状考察和品系选育

利用我国返回式卫星搭载水稻品种“特籼占13”种子，回收后经多代的种植选择，选育出性状稳定的13个突变品系进行主要经济性状考察，结果表明：空间诱变突变品系的多个性状都发生了不同程度的变异，其中谷粒长宽比、穗长、穗粒数、小区产量等性状，品系间变异达到显著和极显著水平。讨论了水稻空间诱变性状变异改良的有效性，并从参试空间诱变突变品系中选育出多个性状同时产生突变得到改良的优质高产新品系。     

中国普通野生稻初级核心种质取样策略

以国家品种资源库编目入库的中国普通野生稻种质5571份为材料、19个分类和形态性状的数据比较研究了中国普通野生稻的核心种质总体取样比例和取样策略，以获得最佳初级核心种质。设3个总体取样比例5％、15％和25％，取样方案分3个层次即分组原则、组内取样比例和组内取样方法。分组原则为省、纬度、生长习性和单一性状及不分组的大随机；组内取样比例为对数法、平方根法、遗传多样性指数和简单比例法；组内取样采用随机和聚类2种方法。结果表明，当总体取样比例从5％增加到15％时，所取得核心种质的表型保留比例有比较大的增幅，而比例由15％增加到25％时，表型保留比例变化不大，因此认为15％的取样比例较为合适；取样方案以采集省份分组，组内以对数比例法聚类取样效果最好。最终根据这一方案在计算机上编程取样860份，其多样性指数为1．1015、变异系数为16．87，表型方差为0．8546。3个检测参数值比原始种质库都有明显的提高。此外，根据国家种质资源库表型数据人工定向取样60份，建立了920份材料的中国普通野生稻初级核心种质。     

金花菜与苜蓿属主要物种基因组SSR分布特征的比较分析

【目的】 分析金花菜基因组SSR序列的分布特征,并与苜蓿属主要物种进行比较,为金花菜SSR分子标记的开发提供理论依据。【方法】 利用MISA软件对金花菜、蒺藜苜蓿和紫花苜蓿的高质量基因组进行搜索,比较分析搜索到的SSR序列分布特征。【结果】 在金花菜、蒺藜苜蓿和紫花苜蓿的基因组中,分别筛选到195 753个,242 434个和390 496个完整的SSR序列,相对密度分别为428、564和478个/Mb,SSR序列的总长度分别为3 611 698、3 657 503和6 307 211 bp,占各自基因组序列总长度的0.79%、0.85%和0.77%。在1~6个不同核苷酸重复单元中,金花菜和蒺藜苜蓿的SSR序列均是单核苷酸重复单元最多,依次是二核苷酸、三核苷酸、四核苷酸、五核苷酸和六核苷酸,而紫花苜蓿的六核苷酸重复单元多于五核苷酸重复单元。A、T、AT、TA、AG和TC是3种苜蓿共有的常见重复单元类型,金花菜基因组低片段长度的SSR比例高于蒺藜苜蓿和紫花苜蓿。【结论】 金花菜基因组SSR的分布密度低于蒺藜苜蓿和紫花苜蓿,重复单元类型较丰富,具有较大的多态性标记开发潜力。     

重金属铊胁迫下水稻(Oryza sativa L.)根系草酸含量与铊吸收的关系

铊(Tl)作为一种非必需、高毒性重金属元素,会干扰植物的正常发育,并在食物链中引起严重的毒性积累.根系分泌有机酸在抗重金属污染中起着重要作用.为研究铊胁迫下的植物根系有机酸分泌特征与重金属吸收的关系,利用水培法对T胁迫下水稻(Oryza sativa L.)植株草酸分泌和Tl分布特征进行检测和分析,研究不同抑制剂对水稻...     

丛枝菌根真菌侵染指标与植物促生效应相关性分析

为探讨不同丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)生长特性与功能(植物生长和养分吸收)的相关性。采用分室根箱装置,以玉米(Zea mays L.)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)为宿主植物,选取7种AMF:摩西斗管囊霉Funneliformis mosseae、变形球囊霉Glomus versiforme、根内根孢囊霉Rhizophagus intraradices、幼套近明球囊霉Claroideoglomus etunicatum、近明球囊霉C.claroideum、细凹无梗囊霉Acaulospora scrobiculata、黏屑多样孢囊霉Diversispora spurca,以不接种为对照进行温室盆栽试验,测定菌根侵染率、根外菌丝密度、植物地上部生物量、磷/锌吸收量、植物根系AMF gDNA丰度以及玉米根系ZmPht1;6的相对表达量。结果表明:接种F.mosseae、R.intraradices、G.versiforme、C.etunicatum的玉米和紫花苜蓿根系侵染率及根外菌丝密度较高,对植株生长和磷、锌吸收均表现为正效应;C.claroideum、A.scrobiculata、D.spurca根系侵染率和根外菌丝密度较低,C.claroideum对紫花苜蓿生长和磷吸收表现为促进效应,而对玉米表现出抑制效应,后两者对植株生长和磷、锌吸收无显著效应或抑制作用;AMF的生长指标(菌根侵染率和根外菌丝密度)与菌根生长效应以及磷、锌吸收效应之间均具有较高的正相关性,根系AMF总侵染率对玉米菌根生长效应、磷/锌吸收效应变异的解释量分别为79.0%,77.6%和74.1%;菌丝侵染率对紫花苜蓿菌根生长效应、磷/锌吸收效应变异的解释量分别为76.5%,72.6%和74.0%;此外,仅紫花苜蓿根系AMF gDNA丰度与根系总侵染率显著正相关,玉米根系ZmPht1;6基因的相对表达量与菌根磷吸收效应显著正相关。综上,AMF的侵染指标显著影响植物生长和养分吸收效应,AMF gDNA丰度可作为表示AMF生长的指标,但因植物而异,玉米根系ZmPht1;6的相对表达量在一定程度上可反映AMF吸磷能力。     

Potential for the alleviation of arsenic toxicity in paddy rice using amorphous iron-(hydr)oxide amendments

Abstract

A pot culture experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of amorphous iron-(hydr)oxide (Am-FeOH) amendments on arsenic (As) availability and its uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. BR28) irrigated with As-contaminated water. A rhizobag system was established using 3.5 L plastic pots, each containing one central compartment for plant growth, a middle compartment and an outside compartment. Three levels of laboratory-synthesized Am-FeOH (0, 0.1 and 0.5% w/w) were used to amend samples of the As-free sandy loam paddy soil placed into each compartment of the rhizobag system. The soils were submerged with a solution containing 5 mg L^?1 As(V). Two-week-old rice seedlings were planted in the central compartments and cultured for 9 weeks under greenhouse conditions. The addition of 0.1% Am-FeOH to the soil irrigated with As-contaminated water improved plant growth, reduced the As concentration in the plants and enhanced Fe-plaque formation on the root surfaces. Analysis of soil solution samples collected during the experiment revealed higher pH levels and lower redox potentials in the soils amended with Am-FeOH at the onset of soil submergence, but later the soil solution collected from the 0.1% Am-FeOH treatment was slightly acidic and more oxidized than the solution from the 0% treatment. This indicated active functioning of the roots in the soil treated with 0.1% Am-FeOH. The concentrations of As(III) in the soil solution collected from the central compartment were significantly reduced by the Am-FeOH amendments, whereas in the soil treated with 0% Fe, As(III) accumulated in the rhizosphere, particularly during the late-cultivation period. The improvement in plant growth and reduction in As uptake by plants growing in the Am-FeOH treated soil could be attributed to the reduction of available As in the soil solution, mainly as a result of the binding of As to the Fe-plaque on the root surfaces.