水稻功能叶相关性状的遗传分析

利用由小穗小粒型水稻Milyang 46和大穗大粒型FJCD建立的一个包含130个家系F10的重组自交系,测定福建省武夷山和莆田环境下籽粒灌浆期功能叶性状,并进行QTL定位及环境互作分析.结果表明,2种环境下共检测到35个加性QTL,位于1、2、5、6、7、11、12号染色体上,表型变异贡献率为0.66%-56.75%;检测到12个位点存在显著的加性×环境互作效应,位于1、2、6、11号染色体上,表型变异贡献率为1.45%-12.05%;莆田环境下,检测到7对加加上位性QTL位点,表型变异贡献率为0-15.64%.     

污泥对白菜·生菜和番茄种子发芽率的影响

[目的]研究城市生活污水厂污泥对生菜(Lactuca sativa var. ramose)、白菜(Brassica pekinensis)和番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)种子发芽率的影响。[方法]通过盆栽试验,测量污泥施用量对生菜、白菜和番茄的种子发芽率的影响。[结果]随着污泥施用量的增加,生菜、白菜和番茄种子发芽率降低。[结论]污泥对生菜、白菜和番茄的发芽率有明显的抑制作用。     

两种测定苜蓿芽多糖方法的比较

采用蒽酮-硫酸法和苯酚-硫酸法测定了苜蓿芽多糖(MSP)含量,并比较了2种方法的适用性。结果表明:蒽酮-硫酸法和苯酚-硫酸法测定的MSP含量分别为(2.76±0.46)%和(3.17±0.88)%,前者显著低于后者(P<0.05);由于苜蓿芽提取液的颜色在苯酚-硫酸法测定波长下具有一定的吸光度,使其结果偏高,因此采用该方法需要对提取液进行脱色处理,而蒽酮-硫酸法测定结果更符合实际值。蒽酮-硫酸法和苯酚-硫酸法的回收率分别为(94.18±5.00)%和(99.40±3.51)%,回收率相对标准差分别为5.31%和3.53%,说明苯酚-硫酸法用于测定苜蓿芽多糖含量灵敏度更高、重复性更好。     

Genotypic Difference in the Responses of Seedling Growth and Cd Toxicity in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The experiment was carried out to study the genotypic difference in the responses of seed germination, growth and physiological characters of rice seedlings to Cd toxicity. The result showed that the germination was slightly stimulated under low Cd concentration (0.01-1.5 mM Cd), while severely depressed under higher Cd concentration (2.0 mM). Rice seedlings exposed to 0.01 mM Cd showed slight increases in plant height, root volume, biomass and chlorophyll concentration. These parameters were significantly reduced when Cd level in the medium was increased to 0.5 mM, and meanwhile corresponding increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities, and MDA (malondialdehyde) content was observed. However, SOD and POD activities declined when plants were exposed to 1 mM Cd when compared with those under 0.5 mM Cd. Cadmium addition lowered Fe, Cu and Mn concentrations in roots and shoots. There was significant genotypic difference in the response of these parameters to Cd stress. Under Cd stress, Xiushui 110 had the least inhibition of growth and increase in MDA content, higher shoot Cd concentration, and greatest increase in POD and SOD activities, indicating its higher tolerance to Cd toxicity, while Bing 9914 had the greatest reduction of growth, and Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn contents, but greatest increase in MDA content, and least increase in activities of antioxidative enzymes, indicating its sensitivity to Cd toxicity.     

苜蓿内生拮抗放线菌的促生防病作用研究

[目的]从苜蓿内生放线菌中筛选拮抗菌株。[方法]采用已从健康苜蓿组织中分离得到的内生放线菌Mx1、Mx3、Mx5进行温室促生防病测定。[结果]菌株Mx3的发酵液对番茄灰霉病的防效可达56.56%,对小麦全蚀病的防效为44.67%;发酵液对2种病害的防效都明显高于菌悬液。对温室番茄株高、叶片数生长影响最明显;对小麦、黄瓜的促生均高于对照。[结论]菌株Mx3促生效果最好,其发酵液的防病效果明显优于菌悬液。     

利用单片段代换系定位水稻粒形QTL

 【目的】水稻谷粒形状（粒长、粒宽和长宽比）是衡量稻米外观品质的重要指标之一，为更好地开展粒形分子育种，对水稻粒形QTL进行分子定位。【方法】以单片段代换系（SSSL）为材料构建分离群体，利用微卫星标记对控制水稻谷粒长和谷粒宽的2个粒形QTL进行分子定位。【结果】粒宽QTL Gw-8被定位于第8染色体长臂末端微卫星标记RM502与RM447之间, 遗传距离均为0.3 cM。在此基础上构建了覆盖Gw-8的物理图谱，RM502与RM447位于同一克隆AP005529，两者之间的物理距离为55.0 kb。粒长QTL gl-3被定位于第3染色体着丝粒附近的微卫星标记RM6146和PSM377之间，遗传距离分别为1.5 cM和11.0 cM。【结论】利用单片段代换系能准确地定位水稻粒形QTL，这两个粒形QTL的定位为其克隆及稻米外观品质的分子育种奠定了基础。     

铅镉复合污染对水稻生长及产量的影响

[目的]探讨铅镉复合污染对水稻生长、产量及品质的伤害及机理。采用盆栽试验,研究了不同程度的铅镉复合污染对水稻生长发育及产量品质的影响。[结果]铅镉低浓度胁迫能够促进水稻生长,高浓度抑制水稻的株高;铅镉胁迫显著降低了水稻的分蘖数,随着胁迫浓度增加,分蘖数下降幅度增大;铅镉胁迫显著降低了水稻每盆穗数、结实率、千粒重和产量,低浓度胁迫下每穗总粒数显著增加,高浓度胁迫下每穗总粒数显著降低;铅镉低浓度胁迫下糙米率和精米率显著增加,高浓度胁迫下糙米率和精米率显著降低,整精米率随处理浓度的增加而显著下降;水稻籽粒中铅镉含量与土壤中铅镉浓度成显著正相关,土壤铅镉含量达到中高浓度时,水稻籽粒铅镉含量严重超标,铅镉最高超标达333%和122%。[结论]该研究为污染地区水稻栽培技术体系的建立提供依据。     

Comparative Study of Substrate-Based and Commercial Formulations of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Romaine Lettuce Subjected to Salt Stress

To compare the effect of substrate-based and commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in salt stress tolerance of Romaine lettuce a bifactorial analysis was carried out. Under non-saline conditions, only plants inoculated with formulation 1 stimulated shoot weight but not related with greater root AMF colonization. Phosphorus and potassium concentrations in leaves were improved by mycorrhizal association. Irrigation with 100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) did not affect leaf relative water content and we observed no osmotic adjustment in leaves from non-mycorrhizal plants. However, root dry biomass and its starch content decreased, while leaf starch and root soluble sugar concentrations were enhanced. Lettuce inoculated with formulation 2 and substrate-based Glomus intraradices showed the highest root colonization percentages. Nevertheless, none of the mycorrhizal treatments induced a significant improvement on growth of lettuce subjected to salt stress. Romaine lettuce seems to be a moderately tolerant variety to salinity and therefore, the contribution of AMF was minimized.     

Evolution of dinitrogen and nitrous oxide from the soil to the atmosphere through rice plants

Summary It is commonly assumed that a large fraction of fertilizer N applied to a rice (Oryza sativa L.) field is lost from the soil-water-plant system as a result of denitrification. Direct evidence to support this view, however, is limited. The few direct field, denitrification gas measurements that have been made indicate less N loss than that determined by ¹⁵N balance after the growing season. One explanation for this discrepancy is that the N₂ produced during denitrification in a flooded soil remains trapped in the soil system and does not evolve to the atmosphere until the soil dries or is otherwise disturbed. It seems likely, however, that N₂ produced in the soil uses the rice plants as a conduit to the atmosphere, as does methane. Methane evolution from a rice field has been demonstrated to occur almost exclusively through the rice plants themselves. A field study in Cuttack, India, and a greenhouse study in Fort Collins, Colorado, were conducted to determine the influence of rice plants on the transport of N₂ and N₂O from the soil to the atmosphere. In these studies, plots were fertilized with 75 or 99 atom % ¹⁵N-urea and ¹⁵N techniques were used to monitor the daily evolution of N₂ and N₂O. At weekly intervals the amount of N₂+N₂O trapped in the flooded soil and the total-N and fertilized-N content of the soil and plants were measured in the greenhouse plots. Direct measurement of N₂+N₂O emission from field and greenhouse plots indicated that the young rice plant facilitates the efflux of N₂ and N₂O from the soil to the atmosphere. Little N gas was trapped in the rice-planted soils while large quantities were trapped in the unplanted soils. N losses due to denitrification accounted for only up to 10% of the loss of added N in planted soils in the field or greenhouse. The major losses of fertilizer N from both the field and greenhouse soils appear to have been the result of NH₃ volatilization.     

Evidence of N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O emission and gaseous nitrogen losses through nitrification-denitrification induced by rice plants (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

A greenhouse experiment was conducted with a specially designed apparatus consisting of an upper and lower chamber where the treatment with rice was carried out (treatment 1). The apparatus also had a single chamber where treatment 2, without rice plants, was carried out. The scope of this study was to elucidate the influence of rice plant growth on gaseous N losses as N₂ and N₂O produced by nitrification-denitrification in a flooded soil fertilized with (NH₄)₂SO₄ (with 56.50 atom% ¹⁵N). Gas samples were withdrawn weekly and analyzed for (N₂ + N₂O)-¹⁵N losses by mass spectrometer and for N₂O by gas chromatograph. The gaseous (N₂ + N₂O)-¹⁵N losses of the treatment with rice plants were significantly (P =0.01) higher than those of the treatment without rice plants, as were the amounts of N₂O emitted. Rice plants facilitate the efflux of N₂ and N₂O from soil to atmosphere, as about half of the total gaseous ¹⁵N loss as N₂ and N₂O was found in the upper chamber. The proportion of N₂O-¹⁵N to (N₂ + N₂O)-¹⁵N in the upper chamber was 10.56%, much higher than that of the lower chamber in treatment 1 and the headspace of treatment 2.