不同有机厩肥输入量对土壤团聚体有机碳组分的影响

土壤是重要的有机碳库,其微小变化可能引起大气CO2浓度水平的较大变异。土壤团聚体对土壤有机碳具有物理保护作用。有机厩肥的输入既可以提高土壤有机碳含量,又可以促进土壤团聚体的形成,对土壤有机碳的截获和保持有重要意义。本实验采用湿筛的方法分离土壤团聚体,并对团聚体进行有机碳组分分离。通过对连续8年施加不同量有机厩肥试验的研究发现:适量的有机厩肥施用可以显著地提高土壤的平均质量直径(MWD),改善土壤结构;过量施用有机厩肥则明显降低了>2 000μm团聚体含量。潮棕壤有机碳主要分布在250～53μm和2 000～250μm团聚体中,两者相加约占有机碳全量的73.7%～78.5%。并且随着有机碳输入量的增加,土壤有机碳主要贮存在2 000～250μm团聚体中。有机厩肥的施加明显地加快了>2 000μm团聚体的更新速率。土壤轻组分有机碳含量也随有机厩肥输入量的增加而不断增加,高量有机厩肥下占全量的22.1%。土壤固定有机碳的能力有限,存在明显的等级饱和现象。因此,在有机质匮乏的土壤施用有机肥意义重大,应尽量减少向高有机质土壤输入有机碳。     

长期施肥对红壤不同有机碳库及其周转速率的影响

通过土壤有机质物理分组和室内培养的方法,研究了长期定位施肥对红壤不同有机碳库及其周转速率的影响。结果表明:平衡施肥(NPK、2NPK)和施用有机肥(OM、NPKOM)显著提高玉米产量,降低产量年际变异系数,同时也显著提高了土壤有机碳(SOC)和活性有机碳(LOC)的含量。根据有机碳物理分组方法,将SOC分成五部分,其中,与矿物结合的有机碳占绝对优势,微团聚体中的粉黏粒(s+c_mM)和大团聚体中的粉黏粒(s+c_M)分别占SOC的31%～53%和28%～38%,其次为微团聚体间的细颗粒有机质(fPOM)和微团聚体中的细颗粒有机质(iPOM_mM),分别占8%～15%和7%～21%,粗颗粒有机质(cPOM)仅占5%～12%。施有机肥(OM、NPKOM)显著提高了颗粒有机碳组分,包括cPOM、fPOM和iPOM_mM组分碳的数量,但是对矿物结合态碳(s+c_M、s+c_mM)影响不明显。施无机肥对有机碳库组成(除s+c_mM外)影响不显著。在有机肥处理中(OM、NPKOM)土壤有机碳周转速率最快,相应的半衰期最短,是CK处理的0.47倍～0.70倍,是无机肥处理的0.11倍～0.95倍。原土有机碳周转时间与LOC/SOC呈显著正相关(r=0.66*)。研究表明平衡施肥和有机肥能提高土壤地力,同时还有利于土壤有机碳的积累。     

Effect of salinity on nitrogen metabolism in wheat

Objectives of our studies were to quantify effects of salinity on growth and nitrogen metabolism of wheat and to measure variation in response of different cultivars, hybrids, and classes. Methods and criteria for identifying resistance to salinity in wheat, particularly effects on nitrogen metabolism also were tested. Variation in response to salinity was measured by subjecting seedlings of six wheats to one control treatment (‐0.1 bars) and two stress treatments (‐3.5 and ‐10.4 bars) from NaCl, MgSO₄, and MgCl₂ in hydroponic solutions. Both stress treatments retarded growth; wheats significantly varied at ‐3.5 bars but not at ‐10.4 bars. Stress decreased root and shoot nitrate N and total N contents. Studies with one wheat cultivar showed that salinity decreased activity of nitrate reductase enzyme and stimulated accumulation of proline. Salinity more adversely affected vegetative stages than reproductive stages of plants grown to maturity. We concluded that salinity affected wheat by both osmotic effects and antagonism of nitrate metabolism from chloride. Absolute growth and relative growth at different stress levels were superior to differences in nitrogen metabolism as selection criteria for salinity tolerance.     

Studies on post‐reddening changes in amino acid content leaves of hirsutum cotton and its control with chemicals

The aspartic acid,tyrosine and serine contents of leaves were found reduced in prematurely reddened leaves of hirsutum cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) as compared to healthy green leaves. Amino acids other than those listed above were higher in the affected red leaves. Amino acids threonine and proline increased 63.7 and 2.3 fold over green leaves respectively. Chemical sprays not only maintained the levels of various amino acids at par with green leaf but tended to increase the concentration above the levels obtained in normally found green leaf. However, threonine level was dropped in treated leaves as compared to partly affected red leaf and chemical sprays significantly reduced the leaf reddening when it was sprayed before flowering. It can be suggested that the leaf reddening can possibly be arrested by monitoring threonine content in leaves of hirsutum cotton ov. L‐147.     

Free amino acids in unhardened and cold‐hardened winter wheat crowns

The free amino acids proline and glutamic acid increased in the crown of winter wheat in all treatments when exposed to cold‐hardening. Glutamine also increased except when 90–80 N‐P fertilizer was applied. The increase of proline and glutamic acid was enhanced with the application of P but counteracted by N. This enhancement was smaller with glutamine. The decrease of threonine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, lysine and α‐aminobutyric acid with cold‐hardening was not counteracted by application of N and P. However, isoleucine in cold‐hardened winter wheat increased with the application of 180–0 fertilizer and aspartic acid increased when P was added. The increase in alanine with cold‐hardening was enhanced by P alone but counteracted by N‐P treatments. The marked increase in proline during cold‐hardening could be useful in the detection of cold‐hardiness in winter wheats.     

红壤溶磷菌的筛选及溶磷机制

采用以磷酸铝为磷源的蒙金娜(PVK)液体培养基研究了从红壤土中筛选出的4种溶磷菌的溶磷效果,选出其中的优势菌株B1,并对其溶磷机理做出初步探讨。结果表明,所筛选出的4株溶磷菌在液体培养条件下均有显著的溶磷效果,其中菌株B1在培养4 d后有效溶磷量最大,达到292.8 mg L-1。各处理培养液pH在培养期间均有显著下降,pH从7.0下降至3.2~4.7。高效液相色谱测定发现,各菌株培养液中有机酸的种类与含量随培养时间变化而不同,其中菌株B1主要分泌草酸和苹果酸,培养1 d后有机酸总量可达到5 mmol L-1;通过添加有机酸对磷酸铝活化的试验表明,分泌有机酸溶磷仅是菌株B1溶磷机制之一,可能还存在其他溶磷机制。菌株B1生长的适宜pH范围为5~9,最适培养温度为30℃,100 ml三角瓶的最适装液量为30~40 ml。经鉴定,菌株B1与苏云金芽孢杆菌有99.9%的相似性。     

秸秆促腐还田对土壤养分及活性有机碳的影响

通过2年的小麦-玉米轮作田间定位试验,设置5个处理：不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（F）、化肥 秸秆（FS）、化肥 秸秆 腐秆剂（FSD）、磷钾肥减施20%（按P2O5和K2O计,与F比较） 秸秆 腐秆剂（F4/5SD）,通过分析作物收获后土壤耕层养分、活性有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量,计算土壤不同形态碳素有效率和碳库管理指数等,探讨秸秆促腐还田对沿淮砂姜黑土土壤养分和活性有机碳的影响。结果表明：1）与单施化肥处理相比,常规秸秆还田处理土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别增加了13.0%、4.6%和10.7%,土壤活性有机碳有效率增加12.0%和11.1%,土壤碳库管理指数提高了30.6%;2）秸秆促腐还田处理土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别增加了17.4%、40.5%和12.4%,土壤活性有机碳、活性有机碳有效率和可溶性有机碳分别增加了12.0%、9.5%和51.3%,土壤碳库管理指数提高了102.3%;3）土壤碳库管理指数与土壤养分含量、土壤碳素有效率等的相关性较土壤总有机碳含量有显著提高。可见,秸秆促腐还田较常规秸秆还田更利于提高沿淮砂姜黑土土壤养分含量、有机碳中活性组分含量及其有效率和土壤碳库管理指数;即使减施磷、钾肥20%,该措施的增肥和培土效果也不会明显下降。     

施用农家肥和化肥对盐碱地桑树生长和叶片光合日变化的影响

研究了施用化肥和农家肥对盐碱地桑树生长和叶片光合及叶绿素荧光日变化的影响,结果表明:盐碱地桑树的生长、光合和叶绿素荧光日变化明显受施肥的影响。施用化肥在一定程度上改善了盐碱地桑树的生长状况,但其作用效果没有农家肥明显。施用农家肥不但促进了桑树地上部生长,而且增加了桑树的根冠比,说明施用农家肥可促进盐碱地桑树根系生长。施用农家肥提高了盐碱地桑树叶片光合能力,表现在桑树的光合日积累量增加和光能原初转化效率提高,维持了盐碱地桑树叶片在中午时PSⅡ反应中心的活性,减缓了盐碱地桑树叶片中午的光抑制。施用农家肥桑树叶片在1天之中可以维持较高的气孔导度和蒸腾速率,以保证光合碳同化原料(CO2)的供应,且降低了桑树叶片中午时的叶面温度和叶片的卷曲程度,从而保持了叶片对光能的捕获和利用能力。     

蜡样芽孢杆菌及其生物被膜对有机酸及乙醇的抗性比较

为比较蜡样芽孢杆菌及其生物被膜对环境压力的抗性,该文主要研究了4种有机酸（乙酸、柠檬酸、乳酸和苹果酸）和乙醇对蜡样芽孢杆菌及其生物被膜存活率的影响。结果表明：生物被膜态蜡样芽孢杆菌对乙酸的抗性高于浮游态菌。扫描电镜结果显示,经乙酸处理后,浮游态蜡样芽孢杆菌的细胞表面严重受损,而生物被膜态菌的表面形态未发生明显变化。在柠檬酸、乳酸、苹果酸和乙醇存在的条件下,生物被膜态蜡样芽孢杆菌比浮游态菌表现出更强的压力抗性,特别是在高浓度（有机酸16%～20%,乙醇50%～60%）的情况下,该现象尤为显著。因此,在食品工业中控制被膜态蜡样芽孢杆菌对预防和阻止食品腐败非常重要。该研究结果为实际生产中有效控制蜡样芽孢杆菌及其生物被膜的形成提供参考。     

The effect of residual copper levels on the nutrition and yield of oats grown in microplots on three organic soils

Abstract

Oats (Avena sativa L. cv. Garry) were grown in microplots of three organic soils at site A (peat), site B (muck) and site C (mucky peat) in the summer of 1983. The soil surface (0 to 20 cm) varied in total Cu from 13 to 1659, 135 to 1745, and 81 to 1063 μg/g at sites A, B and C, respectively, due to applications of CuSO₄.5H₂O made at three rates in 1978, at sites A and B, and in 1979 at site C. Neither the rates of Cu application nor total soil Cu influenced yields. High levels of residual Cu increased the levels of Cu in straw at sites A and B, and in grain at site C. However, even the highest levels of Cu in straw and grains, were below the 20 μg/g which is often considered to be the threshold of Cu phytotoxicity. Data on the levels of other nutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Mo and S) in the tops and roots of oats generally revealed no significantly adverse effects of the Cu applications or total accumulated Cu in the three soils.