遗传距离在籼粳稻“桥梁”育种的杂交亲本选配中应用的研究

通过结实率与遗传距离,遗传距离与杂种优势的相关分析发现:利用籼粳分类性状计算出的遗传距离(D_3~2)可以预测杂种后代的结实率,对克服籼粳杂交后代结实率低使优势难以利用的矛盾具有重要意义,遗传距离对后代的杂种优势预测效果因性状而异,多元分析表明:遗传距离与单株产量的杂种优势呈曲线关系;y=-18.173+8.570x-0.692x~2在一定范围内,随着遗传距离的增大,单株产量优势有增加的趋势,超过这个范围,杂种优势随遗传距离增大反而有下降的可能。综合结实率、杂种优势和遗传距离(D_3~2)的分析结果表明:选择遗传距离(D_3~2)在4.0～9.0之间,农艺性状较好的材料进行桥梁育种比较适宜。     

''''燕杏''''梅栽培适生地和引种试验初步分析

多年生植物露地生长情况直接受到大气候条件的影响,根据气候相似性原理,通过进行不同地区气候因子的比较,可以快速地确定一个品种的适生地范围.该文采用适生地分析和引种试验相结合的方法,对'燕杏'梅在中国北方的栽培适宜区进行了划分:①利用"生物适生地分析系统"进行水热分布相似距计算,以北京为中心,根据计算结果,对北方一定地区种植'燕杏'梅的适宜程度划分了不同等级;②选择各等级代表点,在沈阳、太原、兰州、包头等地进行引种试验,结果表明'燕杏'梅在沈阳、太原和兰州可以露地种植;③结合适生地计算结果和引种试验分析,沈阳、太原和兰州所在等级的区域可以作为'燕杏'梅的适宜栽植区.该试验为植物引种和适生地分析提供了一个多快好省的方法.     

不同栽培方式对大豆丰收24产量的影响

为了探寻适合于大豆丰收24的最佳栽培方式,连续2 a以不同垄距、不同密度为试材,进行不同栽培方式对大豆丰收24产量影响的研究.试验结果表明:22.5 cm平作37万株/hm2和45 cm垄距40万株/hm2两个处理组合为本试验中丰收24的最佳栽培方式.     

Involvement of nitrogen in salt resistance of Atriplex portulacoides is supported by split‐root experiment data and exogenous application of N‐rich compounds

Using a split‐root system, we aimed to identify the limiting factors for the growth of the halophyte Atriplex portulacoides L. under extreme salinity (800 mM NaCl) conditions. One half of the root system was immersed in complete nutrient solution at 0 or 800 mM NaCl and the other half was immersed in NaCl‐free medium, containing all nutrients or deprived of potassium (K⁺) or calcium (Ca²⁺) or nitrogen (N). Data indicate that at high salinity levels A. portulacoides growth is limited by the restrictions imposed by NaCl on N uptake. Next, the alleviation of the adverse impact by salt stress (800 mM NaCl) on plant growth was investigated through urea (U) and/or thiourea (TU) external addition through foliar application. Whether separately or supplied together, both components mitigated the negative impact of salinity on the plant growth by significantly improving the photosynthetic activity parameters [CO₂ assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (F_v/F_m)], as well as shoot N concentration and the photosynthetic nitrogen‐use efficiency (PNUE). A concomitant increase of protein and free amino acid concentrations was also observed. As a whole, the present study highlights the significance of N in A. portulacoides response to high salinity and suggests that combined application of U and TU could promote the growth of this halophyte potentially useful for saline soil reclamation and revegetation purposes.     

Soil nitrogen dynamics after slurry injection in field trials: Evaluation of a soil sampling strategy

Slurry injection below maize seeds is a rather new application technique developed to improve the nitrogen use efficiency of liquid organic manure. To enable the characterization of the spatial and temporal soil mineral nitrogen (SMN) dynamics after slurry injection, the present study aims to develop an appropriate soil sampling strategy. Three consecutive experiments were conducted. The first testing of the soil sampling approach was conducted in an existing field trial where the slurry was injected down to a depth of 12 cm (upper rim) below the soil surface. The soil profile (75 cm wide) centered below the maize row was sampled grid‐like to a depth of 90 cm. Around the injection zone, soil monoliths (SM) were sampled using a purpose‐built soil shovel. Below the SMs and in the interrow space (15 and 30 cm distance to the row) a standardized auger procedure was performed. The second experiment aimed at improving the sampling strategy with a focus on sample homogenization quality and necessary sample sizes per pooled sample. Furthermore, the risk of a carryover of slurry components along the soil core due to drilling an auger through a slurry band was analyzed. In the third experiment this improved sampling strategy was validated. Results from the first testing of the sampling procedure showed that the strategy is suitable, although some problems occurred (especially the high spread in values among the replications causing high coefficients of variation (CV) of mostly 40–60%). The improvement trial revealed that due to the high gradient of SMN concentration in the direct range of the injection zone an intensive homogenization of these samples is required. Suitable sample sizes (twelve auger samples and six soil monolith samples per pooled sample) have to be collected to obtain reliable SMN values. Drilling an auger through a slurry band to sample subjacent soil layers has to be avoided. Following this enhanced sampling strategy, in the final validation trial the spread in values were considerably reduced and resulted in CV values of mostly < 20%. The developed sampling strategy enables the characterization of the spatial and temporal SMN dynamics when slurry has been band‐injected below a maize row. The method can be transferred to other row crops and different slurry injection spacing.     

基于遥感抽样的农作物灾害损失评估方法(Ⅰ)——模拟实验研究

受灾面积与受灾等级是农作物灾情评估的重要内容,本文基于遥感辅助抽样调查的方法设计了一套灾情评估流程,实现对受灾面积与等级的快速评估。本文以Landsat-8影像为实验数据,高分一号影像为模拟真值数据,对济南市长清区2013年夏玉米内涝进行了模拟实验研究。实验结果表明,采用回归估计与比率估计两类常用估计量进行外推,总受灾面积反推精度均在90%以上,各等级受灾面积的反推精度均在80%以上,这证明了遥感数据辅助抽样设计的方法应用于作物的灾害评估具有精度可行性;而且通过一次抽样调查可同时完成受灾面积和受灾等级评估,所以该套方法可以提高评估效率,降低评估成本。由于影像数据、反演指标、抽样方法、外推估计量等多种因素会对评估精度造成不确定性,将来仍需通过实证研究对该法进行进一步验证。     

灌水器间距对涌泉根灌双点源交汇入渗水氮运移特性影响研究

为研究不同灌水器间距对湿润体特性及水氮运移规律的影响,优化涌泉根灌灌水器相关技术要素,在西北农林科技大学远志山试验站进行了双点源交汇入渗试验。试验设置3个灌水器间距水平（40、50、60 cm）,肥液质量浓度为10 g·L^-1,涌泉根灌灌水器流量为5 L·h^-1,探究不同灌水器间距对涌泉根灌肥液交汇入渗特性及湿润锋运移规律、土壤水分、铵态氮（NH{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+}-N）和硝态氮（NO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}-N）分布特性的影响。结果表明,涌泉根灌不同条件下,自由入渗和交汇入渗累积入渗量、增渗量以及不同方向湿润锋运移距离均与灌水器间距呈正比例幂函数关系（R²>0.9,P<0.01）;灌水器间距越大,交汇面向上、向下湿润锋运移距离越小（P<0.05）;交汇入渗侧土壤含水率降低幅度小于自由入渗侧,灌水器间距越大,交汇面湿润程度越低（P<0.05）;自由入渗条件下,距灌水器出水口距离越大,NH{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+}-N含量降低越显著（P<0.05）,而交汇入渗侧NH{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+}-N含量降低幅度小于自由入渗侧;NO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}-N含量在不同时刻、不同位置有较大差异,灌水结束后,湿润区表层土壤NO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}-N含量略有降低,水分分布时间越长,不同土层深度处的NO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}-N含量越高（P<0.05）。建立了涌泉根灌交汇入渗累积入渗量、湿润锋运移距离随时间和灌水器间距变化的数学模型,其中模型参数K、a与灌水器间距呈幂函数关系变化,K值随间距的增加而减小,a值随间距的增加而增大;建立了土壤含水率、土壤NH{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+}-N及NO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}-N含量与灌水器距离之间的关系模型,并对入渗土体任一点至灌水器中心距离r处土壤含水率、NH{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+}-N及NO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}-N含量进行了定量估算,估算结果偏差在±10%以内。研究结果为涌泉根灌节水灌溉技术的进一步完善奠定了科学基础。     

便携傅里叶红外仪测定采样管材质对样品采集的影响

指出了硅胶管对极性的化合物乙苯、苯乙烯和氟化氢均有较强吸附,1 m长的硅胶管采集上述样品,回收率仅为60%,54.7%和58.9%。PA管(尼龙管)会与氟化氢发生反应,回收率仅7.1%。PTFE管(特氟龙)具有较好的惰性,用来采集各种气体回收率均良好。针对便携式傅里叶变换红外分析仪气路系统和样品池对氟化氢和氯化氢有着很强吸附,提出了需要加长采集时间才能获得准确结果。     

芝麻雄性不育系与核心种质间的遗传距离和杂种优势

以3个芝麻细胞核雄性不育系和27个核心种质为试验材料,观测11个数量性状,进行主成分、遗传距离、系统聚类和杂种优势分析.结果表明,30个品种可分为5类,地理差异与分类没有必然的联系.不育系Ms01和Ms03同在第Ⅰ类,Ms02在第Ⅲ类.遗传距离与杂种优势之间对应关系不明显,杂种优势最强的组合是Ms02×ZZM2918,比对照种中芝10号增产22.97%.     

1999年2月黄海声学调查鳀鱼种群群体结构评估

IntroductionEstimation of the size structure of a fish population is often one of the primary objectives of an acoustic/trawl survey (Gunderson 1993;Honkalehto and Williamson 1996 ) .The size structure contains much informa-tion enabling a quick estimate of the fishable size of a stock in a regulated fishery or the recruitment status ofa stock.It is also a common practice to use the number at length of a population together with the age/lengthkey to produce the age structure of the fish popul…