Contribution of incident solar radiation on leaves and pods to soybean seed weight and composition

The weight and composition of soybean seeds (Glycine Max L. Merrill) depend on changes in carbon and nitrogen assimilate supply during grain filling. Soybean pods and seeds are green, evidencing their capacity to capture light. However, the current physiological knowledge does not consider any effect of incident solar radiation reaching the pods on seed weight and composition. The objective of this work was to investigate the response of seed weight and composition to changes in assimilate supply from leaves, to the incident solar radiation reaching the pods and to the combination of both, changes in assimilate supply from the leaves and incident solar radiation on pods of soybean plants. Field experiments were performed during two growing seasons at Balcarce, Argentina. Treatments modified the amount of assimilates supplied by the leaves (plant shading, defoliation), the solar radiation reaching the pods (pod shading) or both (defoliation and pod shading) during seed filling. Plant shading and defoliation reduced seed weight, oil concentration and oil and protein content and increased the concentration of saturated and poli-unsaturated fatty acids while reduced oleic acid percentage. Pod shading increased the concentration of stearic acid and reduced the concentration of linolenic acid. When pods were shaded on defoliated plants, seed weight and oil and protein content decreased while fatty acid composition was similar to values obtained under defoliation treatment. Based on these results, a conceptual model that considers photoheterotrophic nature of reproductive structures of soybean is proposed. Seed weight, oil and protein content and oil fatty acid composition depended on assimilate availability for the seeds. The response of oil and protein content to assimilate supply depended on whether leaves were present or not. The effect of solar radiation incident on pods depended on the amount of assimilates available for the seeds: (i) when carbon allocated was low (defoliation treatments), pods contributed to seed carbon economy but solar radiation incident on them did not affect fatty acid composition; (ii) when carbon allocated to the seeds was high (intact plants), contribution of pods to seed carbon economy was not significant, but the amount of solar radiation incident on pods produced significant changes in fatty acid composition.     

川芎油挥发性成分分析及在卷烟中的应用

采用超临界流体萃取得到川芎挥发油,平均收率为6.86%。利用毛细管气相色谱—质谱联用仪对川芎提取物成分分离和鉴定的49种化学成分,并用峰面积归一化法测定各种成分的质量分数。结果标明,超临界CO2川芎提取物的主要成分为:3-丁基苯酞、3-丁叉苯酞、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、棕榈酸、亚油酸等。卷烟加香试验表明,川芎油可有效地掩盖卷烟杂气,使烟气柔和,香气细腻,对改进烟气品质作用明显。     

不同油葵种植方式对银北灌区盐碱地土壤温度、含水率和电导率的影响

为了探究油葵不同种植方式对盐碱地土壤水、热、盐分布状况的影响,以平播（T1）为对照,开展了半膜平播（T2）、半膜平播+膜间覆秸秆（T3）、起垄沟播（T4）、起垄沟播+沟覆秸秆（T5）、垄膜沟播（T6）、垄膜沟播+沟覆秸秆（T7）等6种种植方式对油葵田土壤温度、水分和电导率的影响研究。结果表明：与对照相比,不同种植方式均提高了早上7:00时5cm深度的土温,但油葵花期土壤增温效果明显弱于苗期,垄膜沟播种植方式更有利于减缓地 表5cm深度土温的剧烈变化。与对照相比,在油葵苗期,T7和T6的0~20cm土层土壤含水率分别提高了6.30%和5.01%,20~40cm土层分别提高了6.00%和3.38%,在油葵开花期,土壤含水率较对照提高幅度有所降低。与播种前0~20cm土层土壤电导率相比,T6在苗期和开花期均有所下降,其中开花期下降了33.81%,T7在苗期略有增加,在开花期则略有下降,其他处理在苗期增加幅度较大。因此,在银北灌区油葵生产中,垄膜沟播是一种适宜的油葵种植方式。     

充油式潜水电机节材探讨

介绍了感应电动机热负荷、温升与有效体积之间的关系，提出了充油式潜水电机节材的两条重要依据，即冷却条件好和减小有效体积就可减小油耗，并列举了实例。     

拖拉机传动系密封性设计改进

介绍几种拖拉机传动系密封性设计改进方案。     

PASSAT领驭2.0自动变速箱偶尔出现紧急运行状况检修分析

结合PASSAT领驭2.0轿车偶尔出现自动变速箱Ⅲ挡运行的紧急运行状况故障,分析了故障码、有关传感器电路,以及故障产生的原因,据此找出了故障点,并排除了故障。     

油葵杂交种春播产比试验及适宜播期的确定

通过油葵产比、播期试验结果分析，新葵6号256.67kg/667m^2，较对照种G101增产11.82%，居参试种首位，同时提出春播种植油葵应选择生育期较长的品种，播期以3月25日至4月5日为宜，适播人播种越早越好。     

白萝卜振动远红外干燥工艺参数优化

为解决白萝卜干燥加工中存在营养成分损失大、设备能耗大和干制品品质差等问题,利用自行设计的往复振动式远红外干燥机,采用单因素和二次通用旋转组合的试验设计方法,探讨振动频率、加热温度、物料厚度对白萝卜脱水速率、复水率、VC含量和单位能耗的影响及因子间交互作用对指标的影响,建立了各指标与试验因素间的回归模型。采用加权综合评分法和线性功效系数法,将多目标综合优化,确定了干燥工艺的最优参数,即干燥温度68℃,振动频率0.7 Hz,物料厚度7 mm。该工艺条件下白萝卜脱水速率为63.26%/h,复水比为3.94,VC含量为1.98 mg/g,单位能耗为6.55 k J/kg。对在此工艺条件下干燥的白萝卜干制品进行环境扫描电镜(ESEM)分析,结果显示,细胞组织保存比较完整,能够较真实地反映样品的组织结构原貌。优化的工艺条件可有效提高干燥效率,同时降低白萝卜干制品中营养成分的损失,为白萝卜干振动远红外干燥技术在实际生产中的应用提供参考。     

Morphological differences among Raphanus raphanistrum populations and their relationship to related crops

Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) has developed introgressed populations after hybridization with its cultivated counterpart (R. sativus) in California. Hybridization with various Brassica and Sinapis species is also possible. To determine if hybridization is responsible of the genetic diversity of European populations, six wild radish populations with distinct morphological traits were sampled from geographically distant regions in Europe. Plants were cultivated in an oilseed rape field and in insect‐proof cages. Silique and flower morphology, growth, and reproductive traits were measured. The wild radish populations could be discriminated by the morphological traits, but not related to geographic regions. In particular, populations of one region showed wide variability in terms of silique shape and growth behaviour, and small‐sized flowers. Although the origin of morphological diversity in wild radish is unclear, i.e. native or due to gene flow from the cultivated radish or other Brassicaceae, significant morphological divergence was found that could have relevant effects on plant ecology and adaptation.