中国大陆地区基于太阳辐射经验值计算ET0的适用性研究

太阳辐射是利用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith(PM)公式计算参考作物需水量(ET_0)的必要参数。为了探究PM公式在辐射数据缺失的条件下,利用FAO推荐的公式及参数获得太阳辐射值(R_(s_c))替代观测值(R_(s_o))在中国大陆地区的适用性,本研究选用了中国大陆112个站点至少15 a的多年月平均观测数据,通过逐点计算分析了R_(s_c)和R_(s_o)的时空差异及二者分别输入PM公式获得的参考作物需水量ET_(0_c)和ET_(0_o)的时空差异。结果表明,R_(s_c)与R_(s_o)存在显著的时空差异性,二者相对差值范围为-2.86～4.41 MJ·m~(-2)·d~(-1),且在4—8月份差异较大;大致以"胡焕庸线"为界,线西北区域R_(s_c)与R_(s_o)的时空差异相对较小,且稳定,线东南区域的时空差异较大,且不稳定。但是,基于二者计算的ET_(0_c)和ET_(0_o)时空差异却不显著,平均只有0.06～0.26 mm·d~(-1)的误差;"胡焕庸线"西北地区的ET_(0_c)和ET_(0_o)绝对差值常年稳定在0.00～0.25 mm·d~(-1),"胡焕庸线"线东南地区则随季节而变化,夏季差异相对较大。在实际的应用中,西北地区全年和北方地区春、秋、冬三季以及长江、珠江流域所覆盖的南方地区在1、2、10、11、12月使用R_(s_c)替代R_(s_o)获得ET_0具有较好的适用性,北方地区的夏季、南方地区的3—9月份使用R_(s_c)计算ET_0则必须研究相应的方法对结果进行矫正,否则会有误差,且偏大。     

Abrupt temperature change and a warming hiatus from 1951 to 2014 in Inner Mongolia,China

An abrupt temperature change and a warming hiatus have strongly influenced the global climate.This study focused on these changes in Inner Mongolia, China. This study used the central clustering method, Mann-Kendall mutation test and other methods to explore the abrupt temperature change and warming hiatus in three different temperature zones of the study region based on average annual data series.Among the temperature metrics investigated, average minimum temperature(Tnav) shifted the earliest,followed by average temperature(Tnv) and average maximum temperature(Txav). The latest change was observed in summer(1990 s), whereas the earliest was observed in winter(1970 s). Before and after the abrupt temperature change, Tnav fluctuated considerably, whereas there was only a slight change in Txav.Before and after the abrupt temperature change, the winter temperature changed more dramatically than the summer temperature. Before the abrupt temperature change, Tnav in the central region(0.322°C/10 a)and west region(0.48°C/10 a) contributed the most to the increasing temperatures. After the abrupt temperature change, Tnav in winter in the central region(0.519°C/10 a) and in autumn in the west region(0.729°C/10 a) contributed the most to the temperature increases. Overall, in the years in which temperature shifts occurred early, a warming hiatus also appeared early. The three temperature metrics in spring(1991)in the east region were the first to exhibit a warming hiatus. In the east region, Txav displayed the lowest rate of increase(0.412°C/a) in the period after the abrupt temperature change and before the warming hiatus,and the highest rate of increase after the warming hiatus.     

Hydrological and water cycle processes of inland river basins in the arid region of Northwest China

The increasing shortage in water resources is a key factor affecting sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC). Water shortages also affect the stability of the region's oasis ecosystem. This paper summarizes the hydrological processes and water cycle of inland river basins in the ARNC, focusing on the following aspects: the spatial-temporal features of water resources(including air water vapor resources, runoff, and glacial meltwater) and their driving forces; the characteristics of streamflow composition in the inland river basins; the characteristics and main controlling factors of baseflow in the inland rivers; and anticipated future changes in hydrological processes and water resources. The results indicate that:(1) although the runoff in most inland rivers in the ARNC showed a significant increasing trend, both the glaciated area and glacial ice reserves have been reduced in the mountains;(2) snow melt and glacier melt are extremely important hydrological processes in the ARNC, especially in the Kunlun and Tianshan mountains;(3) baseflow in the inland rivers of the ARNC is the result of climate change and human activities, with the main driving factors being the reduction in forest area and the over-exploitation and utilization of groundwater in the river basins; and(4) the contradictions among water resources, ecology and economy will further increase in the future. The findings of this study might also help strengthen the ecological, economic and social sustainable development in the study region.     

展望21世纪中国与世界的乡村发展前景——灵丘全域有机农业实践与理论认识

为探索21世纪的中国乡村与世界乡村发展情况,本研究以山西省大同市灵丘县全域有机农业的实践成果为依据,利用地理科学与系统科学方法分析中外乡村面临的主要问题并提出对策,综合国家乡村振兴战略目标任务部署,预测中国乡村与世界乡村发展情况。结果表明：中外乡村面临的主要问题为食品安全问题、粮食安全问题、乡村社会安全问题、生态环境安全问题和国际农业安全问题;解决乡村五大安全问题的对策方案为建设全域有机农业;预测2030年时我国需要完成食品安全任务,2035年完成粮食安全任务,2040年完成乡村社会安全任务,2045年完成生态环境安全任务,2050年完成国际农业安全任务。本研究还进一步预测了世界乡村安全在2100年前实现的阶段建设目标。     

中国土壤有机碳密度和储量的估算与空间分布分析

基于 1∶40 0万的《中华人民共和国土壤图》和第二次土壤普查数据 ,运用地理信息系统技术 ,对中国土壤有机碳密度及储量做出估算 ,并且分析了土壤有机碳密度的空间分布差异。结果表明 :10 0cm深度的土壤有机碳密度介于 1 19kgm- 2 到 176 46kgm- 2 之间 ,2 0cm深度的土壤有机碳密度介于 0 2 7kgm- 2 到53 46kgm- 2 之间 ;10 0cm和 2 0cm深度的土壤有机碳储量分别为 84 4Pg (1Pg =10 15 g)和 2 7 4Pg ;土壤有机碳密度具有高度的空间变异性 ,东北地区、青藏高原的东南部、云贵高原等森林、草甸分布的地区有机碳密度最高 ,准噶尔盆地、塔里木盆地、阿拉善高原与河西走廊、柴达木盆地等沙漠化地区的土壤有机碳密度最低 ;土壤有机碳密度的空间分布主要受气候、植被以及人类活动的影响     

中国拟盘多毛孢属的三个新种

本文报道拟盘多毛孢属的3个新种，它们是橄榄拟盘多毛孢、瓜栗拟盘多毛孢和鹤顶兰拟盘多毛孢。新种的模式标本保藏在广西大学农学院植保系标本室。     

Soil nutrient changes due to land use changes in Northern China: a case study in Zunhua County, Hebei Province

Abstract. Since the 1980s, land use in rural areas of China has changed greatly as the result of political initiatives. These changes have caused soil nutrient changes which are examined in this paper for Zunhua County, northern China from 1980 to 1999. The areas of farmland, grassland, and paddy decreased greatly and were replaced by increases in forest and residential land. The soils under forest in 1999 transformed from farmland in 1980 increased in organic matter by 21%, total nitrogen by 18%, available nitrogen by 65%, available phosphorus by 17% and available potassium by 17%. Similarly, in the area which was converted from farmland in 1980 to grassland in 1999, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium increased by 38%, 37%, 71%, 2% and 28%, respectively. Changes from farmland to forest and grassland not only changed land cover but also improved soil fertility and probably reduced soil nutrient losses.     

中国北方红色土壤分类问题的探讨

现今出露于中国北方地表的红色土壤是在红色古土壤和红色古风化壳上发育的,而且大多经历了不连续的成土过程。中国北方红色土壤分布广泛、成因复杂,在分类中还存在着许多问题。从20世纪70年代末至今,我国土壤分类经历了由土壤发生学分类向土壤系统分类的重大转变,对北方红色土壤的分类也进行了多次修订。虽然每次修订都有所改进,但直到目前关于北方红色土壤的分类位置问题仍没有得到彻底解决。因此,今后需要对中国北方红色土壤的形成过程及土壤的性态特征和理化性状进行深入研究,建立适合北方红色土壤系统分类的诊断层和诊断特性,以明确中国北方红色土壤在系统分类中的位置,进一步完善中国土壤系统分类。     

中国古代土壤耕作理论和技术的历史演进

“耕为农事之首”,“欲求足食之道,先明力耕之法”。我国古代就高度重视土壤耕作在农业增产中的重要作用,先民们在长期的农业生产实践中,积累了丰富的土壤耕作的经验,并把直观经验上升为土壤耕作理论和技术,本文以历史时代为线索,对我国古代土壤耕作理论和技术的产生和发展及其基本内容进行一些分析和探讨,以期对当今土壤耕作科学具有借鉴意义。