21世纪中国农业可持续发展面临的严峻形势及对策取向

中国农业的可持续发展在21世纪面临着严峻的形势。本文从经济、生态和社会3个方面分析了对中国至关重要的“可持续的食物安全保障”问题。指出农民生产积极性的保持和不断有所提高至关重要;而通过提高资源利用率及实现可再生资源对农用资源的部分替代,以及打破农业的集约化与环境退化之间的连锁,则是可持续发展的关键。为此,须开展有中国特色的“多重绿色革命”。     

不同施氮水平对南方早稻氮素吸收利用及其产量和品质的影响

 在大田不同施氮条件下,研究了3个水稻品种的氮素吸收利用效率及其对产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施氮量增加,水稻氮素积累总量增加,而氮素的生产效率和收获指数下降。相同施氮量条件下提高穗肥比率,氮素积累量及其回收效率和运转效率增加,而氮素生产效率下降。不同施氮条件下水稻氮素吸收利用效率的变化对产量和品质性状产生重要影响,稻米蛋白质含量随氮素积累量增加而显著增加,随氮素生产效率提高而极显著下降;垩白米率及面积随氮素收获指数增加而显著提高。穗数随氮素积累量增加而显著增加,随氮素收获指数和氮素生产效率增加而显著下降;结     

Study on Nitrogen Distribution in Leaf, Stem and Sheath at Different Layers in Winter Wheat Canopy and Their Influence on Grain Quality

Vertical distribution of nitrogen in wheat canopy, nitrogen remobilization and their influence on grain quality of winter wheat were studied. Two winter wheat cultivars, Jingdong8, a common cultivar, and Zhongyou9507, a high quality cultivar, were selected. Leaf nitrogen showed an obvious decreasing trend from the canopy top to the ground surface for all treatments in growth duration. There was no apparent vertical nitrogen gradient in stem and sheath of Zhongyou9507 compared with Jingdong8. Zhongyou9507 had more nitrogen remobilization from leaf, stem and sheath than Jingdong8 from middle grain filling to waxening, especially the nitrogen remobilization amount in stem and sheath, which was higher than that in Jingdong8 during growth duration. Higher vertical nitrogen gradients in Jingdong8 at anthesis had disadvantages on its grain quality. But higher vertical nitrogen gradients between middle and lower layers of Jingdong8 at grain filling stage enhanced its grain quality. Higher vertical nitrogen gradients in upper layer at anthesis and upper layer leaf and middle layer stem and sheath at grain filling stage had advantages on protein accumulation in grain of Zhongyou9507. There were positive correlations between foliar nitrogen remobilization amount and grain quality at later growth stage for the two cultivars. There was a positive correlation between quality of Jingdong8 and stem and sheath nitrogen remobilization amount from anthesis to early grain filling, and that of Zhongyou9507 emerged from anthesis to early grain filling and from middle grain filling to waxening. Contribution of leaf nitrogen to the quality of Jingdong8 was larger than nitrogen from stem and sheath. High protein content of Zhongyou9507 was attributed to the nitrogen condition in its leaf, stem and sheath. Nitrogen in stem and sheath played a more important role on the grain quality of Zhongyou9507 than on that of Jingdong8.     

Interactions of Water Management and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization in Rice

The interactions of water management and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen absorption and utili-zation were studied in rice with Wuxiangjing9 (japonica). The results showed that the nitrogen uptake and re-maining in straw increased and the percentage of nitrogen translocation (PNT) from vegetative organs, nitro-gen dry matter production efficiency (NDMPE) and nitrogen grain production efficiency (NGPE) decreasedwith nitrogen increasing. The nitrogen uptake and NGPE decreased when severe water stressed. However, ricenot only decreased the nitrogen uptake but also increased the PNT from vegetative organs, NDMPE and NGPEwhen mild water stressed. There were obvious interactions between nitrogen fertilizer and water management,such as with water stress increasing the effect of nitrogen on increasing nitrogen uptake was reduced and thaton decreasing NDMPE was intensified.     

渗透胁迫下氮肥形态对烟叶脯氨酸和内源激素含量的影响

采用磺基水杨酸法和酶联免疫法测定了渗透胁迫下不同形态氮肥环境中生长的烤烟叶片脯氨酸和内源激素的含量。结果表明 :在非胁迫条件下 ,铵态氮处理烟叶中脯氨酸 (PRO)和脱落酸 (ABA)、赤霉素 (GA3)含量较高 ,吲哚乙酸 (IAA)含量较低 ;硝态氮处理则相反 ;硝态氮 +铵态氮处理可以提高烟叶玉米素核苷 (ZR)含量。在渗透势为 -0 .3Mpa的渗透胁迫下 ,各种形态氮肥处理烟叶中PRO含量都显著增加 ;铵态氮和硝态氮处理烟叶中ABA含量有升高的趋势 ,IAA和GA3含量明显下降 ;硝态氮 +铵态氮处理烟叶中各种激素含量都有不同程度增加。随胁迫程度增大 ,铵态氮处理烟叶PRO含量显著降低 ,GA3和ZR含量明显增加 ,ABA和IAA含量变化不大 ;硝态氮处理烟叶PRO含量持续增加 ,各种激素含量变化幅度都较小 ;硝态氮 +铵态氮处理烟叶PRO和ABA、GA3、ZR含量有所降低 ,IAA含量变化不明显。提示GA3可能是渗透胁迫下铵态氮处理烟株体内主要的信号传导物质     

水作与地表覆盖旱作水稻的生长和水分利用效率

通过田间试验研究水作水稻和不同地表覆盖旱作水稻的生长和水分利用效率。结果表明 :水作稻田当季用水总量是旱作稻田的 3 5～ 3 7倍 ,旱作稻田灌溉水生产效率是水作稻田的 1 0 6～ 1 6 4倍 ,田间总水分利用效率也达到水作的 3倍左右。尽管地表覆盖有较好的保墒增温效果 ,但因水分胁迫使旱作水稻生育期较水作延长 4～ 1 0d ;旱作中的覆膜处理保墒增温效果最好 ,灌水量最低 ,其耕层土壤温度比其他旱作处理平均高 1℃ ,生育期延长时间最短。水作、覆膜、盖草和裸露处理的水稻产量分别为 95 74、 85 1 8、 84 81和 7833kg·hm-2 。覆膜处理虽在产量和水分利用效率上略高于盖草处理 ,但差异不显著 ,且覆膜处理存在成本高 ,污染土壤等缺陷。因此盖草不失为一项较好的替代水稻覆膜旱作的技术。     

饲料添加陈皮对草鱼淋巴细胞转化率影响的研究

 在草鱼基础饵料中添加0.2%,0.3%,0.4%陈皮,45 d后测定实验组和对照组的淋巴细胞转化率平均分别为65.73%,75.84%,58.19%和61.97%,0.3%组与对照组、0.4%组比较,差异极显著(P＜0.01)。表明陈皮作为饲料添加剂可明显提高草鱼免疫功能。     

氮素水平对小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响及其生理基础

 在大田高产条件下研究了氮素水平对小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响及其生理基础。结果表明 ,适当提高氮素水平既能增加小麦籽粒产量又能提高蛋白质含量 ,使籽粒产量和蛋白质含量达到同步增加 ,氮素水平过高虽能够提高籽粒蛋白质含量 ,但籽粒产量下降。适当提高氮素水平可以提高源器官碳素同化能力和氮素同化能力 ,又能够促进开花前暂贮于营养器官中的同化物质向籽粒中运转 ,增加籽粒中淀粉合成有关酶和氮素同化酶的活性 ,从而导致小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量同步增加。氮素水平过高 ,虽能促进源器官和籽粒中的氮素同化能力 ,但由于碳素同化酶和籽粒淀粉合成酶活性降低和开花前暂贮于营养器官中的同化物质向籽粒中的运转效率降低 ,而导致小麦籽粒蛋白质含量提高 ,产量下降。     

黄土台原旱地小麦覆盖保水技术效果研究

 针对黄土台原自然降水特点及农业生产实际情况 ,在已有研究基础上 ,以具有显著保水性能的地膜覆盖技术为中心 ,设计出旱地小麦自然降水高效利用新模式。研究表明 ,夏闲期采用地膜秸秆两元覆盖技术 ,可以把占小麦生产全年度 5 0 %的夏闲期降水最大限度地蓄积并保存于土壤之中 ,较传统耕法多蓄水 10 8.4mm ,蓄水率达73.2 % ;在此基础上 ,种麦时再应用起垄覆膜沟播技术 ,既可把夏闲期蓄积到土壤中的水分最大限度地保住 ,又可把小麦生育期的降水最大限度地蓄住 ,从而使旱地小麦的水分条件明显改善 ,增产效果显著 ,是黄土台原旱地小麦自然降水高效利用 ,实现高产、稳产的最佳模式选择。     

水稻氮素供需差与不同叶位叶片氮转运和衰老的关系

 采用去穗和疏花方法调节稻穗氮需求量 ,研究了水稻氮素供需差 (NSDB)对不同叶位叶片氮转运和衰老的影响。结果表明 ,在NSDB <0的条件下 (对照 ) ,植株上部 4张叶输出氮素 ,叶片正常衰老 ;随NSDB提高 ,顶部叶片尤其是顶 4叶的氮素输出显著减少 ,叶片MDA含量下降 ,SOD和CAT酶活力提高 ,上位叶与下位叶之间的叶色差缩小 ;当NSDB >0以后 (去穗 ) ,上部 4叶的氮积累量不仅未减少 ,相反还有显著的增加 ,叶片的衰老进程被延缓。研究证实顶 4叶叶色受氮素供需差的影响最大 ,当土壤供氮不能满足库需氮时 ,顶 4叶叶色浅于顶 3叶