江西省实施林木采伐分区施策分类管理的思考

实施森林分类经营、分类管理的改革,对缓解当前人口、资源、环境的矛盾有着十分重要的现实意义。森林分类是基础,经营是手段,提高森林的总量和综合效益是目的。通过调整采伐政策,分区实施,以实现对森林的有效经营管理,达到扩大森林总量、提高森林质量的目的。     

德国畜禽产业发展及屠宰管理概述

德国畜牧业发达,在保障本国,甚至欧盟的畜禽产品供应上发挥了重要作用。本文介绍了德国畜禽产业发展的基本情况,总结了德国在畜禽屠宰管理方面的基本原则和成功做法,以期对我国畜禽产业发展和屠宰管理提供参考和借鉴。     

Perceived damage and areas of needed research for wildlife pests of California agriculture

Many wildlife species cause extensive damage to a variety of agricultural commodities in California, with estimates of damage in the hundreds of millions annually. Given the limited availability of resources to solve all human–wildlife conflicts, we should focus management efforts on issues that provide the greatest benefit to agricultural commodities in California. This survey provides quantitative data on research needs to better guide future efforts in developing more effective, practical and appropriate methods for managing these species. We found that ground squirrels, pocket gophers, birds, wild pigs, coyotes and voles were the most common agricultural wildlife pest species in California. The damage caused by these species could be quite high, but varied by agricultural commodity. For most species, common forms of damage included loss of crop production and direct death of the plant, although livestock depredation was the greatest concern for coyotes. Control methods used most frequently and those deemed most effective varied by pest species, although greater advancements in control methods were listed as a top research priority for all species. Collectively, the use of toxicants, biocontrol and trapping were the most preferred methods for control, but this varied by species. In general, integrated pest management practices were used to control wildlife pests, with a special preference for those approaches that were efficacious and quick and inexpensive to apply. This information and survey design should be useful in establishing research and management priorities for wildlife pest species in California and other similar regions.     

农业科研单位内部控制管理探讨

根据内部控制的定义、目标、特点及原则,结合农业科研单位的实际情况,论述其内部控制在制度、管理方面存在的主要问题,提出相应的解决措施,为确保农业科研单位内部控制管理的有效实施提供参考。     

Land Equivalent Ratio of Groundnut-Fingermillet Intercrops as Affected by Plant Combination Ratio,and Nitrogen and Water Availability

Abstract

Field experiments were conducted to characterize intercropping advantages in groundnut-fingermillet intercrop in relation to crop combination ratios, soil moisture and nitrogen (N) availability. Three intercrops in 1 : 2, 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 alternating rows of groundnut and fingermillet were examined for their growth and yield in comparison with their respective sole crops in 1996. The effect of well watered (W) and water stressed (D) conditions on the intercropping advantage was also examined for 1 : 1 intercrops in 1995 and 1996. Fertilizer N was applied at the rate of 20 kg ha^?1 in 1995 and 50 kg ha^?1 in 1996. The total above-ground biomass (DM) and its land equivalent ratio (LER) were highest in the 1 : 1 combination ratio. The DM production of intercropped fingermillet was higher in 1996 with higher N than in 1995 with low N application, while those of groundnut were similar in both years. The intercropped groundnut exhibited significantly higher DM production after the fingermillet harvest. The LERs in grain yield were higher in 1996 (1.43 under W and 1.45 under D), than in 1995 (0.87 under W and 1.22 under D). Also, LERs were consistently higher under D than W conditions. Water stress severely reduced the leaf area index (LAI) of fingermillet at a low N, especially in the later stages, whereas higher N alleviated the water stress effect. A close linear relationship was observed between LAI and leaf area (LA) per unit leaf N both for groundnut and fingermillet, with intercrops producing larger LA per unit leaf N than sole crops. Intercropping maintained higher ability in leaf net photosynthesis and transpiration of groundnut up to later stages, and significantly reduced water evaporation from the soil surface under the canopy than sole cropping of fingermillet. These results suggest that three processes associated with the intercropping yield advantages in the groundnut-fingermillet intercrop; 1) higher leaf photosynthesis and vigorous growth of groundnut after the fingermillet harvest, 2) higher LA production per unit N and 3) efficient water use. In conclusion, interspecific shading was considered to be the key mechanism associated with these processes, leading to the intercropping advantages. The degree of the interspecific shade and its effect on growth and yield depended on the available soil N and water.     

Movement and survival of corn rootworm in seed mixtures of SmartStax® insect-protected corn

SmartStax^® insect-protected corn (Zea mays L.) contains genes for six Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins controlling both lepidopteran pests and the corn rootworm complex (Diabrotica spp.). The properties of SmartStax, particularly the multiple effective modes of action (i.e., each Bt protein provides a high level of control of the target pests with a low probability of cross-resistance among the proteins), have provided the opportunity to add to previously approved structured refuge options by combining the non-Bt refuge seed with SmartStax seed in a seed mix. Seed mixes ensure that a refuge is present in every Bt field, remove concerns about grower compliance with refuge requirements, and provide grower convenience. However, seed mixes could increase the likelihood that larval insects move between Bt and non-Bt plants and vice versa. Assessing the insect resistance management (IRM) value of a seed mix refuge requires an assessment of the amount of larval movement, and the consequences of that movement, for the key target pests. The studies here present such data for control of corn rootworm by SmartStax corn, which contains the rootworm-active protein Cry3Bb1 and the binary protein Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1. In a growth chamber experiment, SmartStax was most effective against first instars and significantly effective against second instars, but did not control third instars. In a field study of movement from a heavily infested non-Bt plant onto surrounding plants, a larger percentage of insects successfully dispersed from the infested plant when the surrounding plants were non-Bt plants than when they were SmartStax plants. A paired-plant study showed that few larvae migrated from infested SmartStax plants and survived on nearby non-Bt plants; larvae that migrated from infested non-Bt plants had low survival if the adjacent plants were SmartStax. Replicated field studies of plant-to-plant movement indicated that the non-Bt plants in a 5% or 10% seed mix consistently supported large populations of susceptible insects and represented a productive refuge, whereas the SmartStax plants had few or no survivors. The timing of emergence from seed mix plots containing 5% or 10% non-Bt plants was more similar to that of the non-Bt plots than that of the SmartStax plots. Thus, the available growth chamber and field data indicate that a seed mix of 5% or more will provide an effective refuge for corn rootworm in SmartStax corn.     

Non-chemical agents provide tenable,eco-friendly alternatives for the management of the major diseases devastating Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) in India

India is a leading producer of oilseed Brassicas, contributing approximately 23 percent of the country's total oilseed production. In India, the Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.] crop is ravaged by various diseases, including Alternaria blight, white rust, downy mildew, Sclerotinia rot and powdery mildew, which can contribute to fluctuations in crop yields. A field experiment examining an integrated disease management system for Indian mustard (B. juncea) was conducted under the All India Coordinated Research Project on Rapeseed-Mustard (Indian Council of Agricultural Research or ICAR) during three crop seasons (2006–09) at 11 locations to assess treatments suitable for the management of crop disease. The data from the different locations and years regarding disease severity and incidence were pooled and analyzed. Seed treatments with freshly prepared Allium sativum bulb aqueous extract (1 percent w/v) resulted in significantly higher initial plant stands, across locations and years. Seed treatment with A. sativum bulb extract, followed by its use as a foliar spray, resulted in significantly reduced Alternaria leaf and pod blight severity, reduced white rust severity, fewer stag heads per plot, reduced downy mildew and Sclerotinia rot incidence, and reduced powdery mildew severity, across locations and years. The combination also provided significantly higher seed yields compared with the control across locations and years and was at par with treatment by chemical fungicides. The combination used in the present study was as effective as the combination of seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum and foliar spraying with Pseudomonas fluorescens and T. harzianum. Economic returns were higher when using biorational treatments (A. sativum bulb extract, T. harzianum, P. fluorescens) compared with chemical fungicides. The combination of seed treatments with T. harzianum followed by its use as a foliar spray (17.22), and the similar combination of seed treatments and foliar spraying with the A. sativum bulb extract (17.18), resulted in a higher benefit to cost ratio. This eco-friendly technology can help oilseed Brassica growers in India safeguard the crops from major diseases and increase the stability and productivity of the Indian mustard crop.     

森林经营可持续发展现状与对策分析

森林被称之为“地球之肺”,能够调节空气,维护生态平衡,做好森林的保护对保护地球家园具有重要意义。当前,森林资源的保护和利用成为广泛研究的课题,实现森林经营的可持续发展,保护生态平衡,成为各国政府以及气候专家学者的共识。通过查找相关文献资料,充分了解我国当前森林经营可持续发展的现状,分析当前森林经营可持续发展方面取得的成绩和存在的不足,根据森林经营可持续发展的科学化规划,提出有针对性的解决策略,为森林经营可持续发展提供理论借鉴。