Fertilizer value of nitrogen in hen and broiler manure after application to spring barley using different application timing

The nitrogen (N) fertilizer effect of layer hen and broiler manure applied at different times on spring barley yield was studied in seven Swedish field experiments during 2005–2008. Two experiments had parallel field incubations to study N release after fertilizer application. The effect of total N in manure on N offtake was 30–40% that of mineral N, except in a dry year, when the effect was very low. Although the relative proportions of ammonium N, uric acid N and other N differed between the hen and broiler manure, the effect of total N was similar for both. In field incubations, mineral N decreased from 75 to 60% of total N applied in hen manure, whereas it increased from 20 to 50% in broiler manure, because of net immobilization and release, respectively. The limited fertilizer nitrogen replacement value, corresponding to only 30–40% of total N, could be as a result of ammonia volatilization after rather shallow incorporation with harrow. Net N release from broiler manure lasted for 6–8 weeks after application, after which it generally ceased. In some cases, manure application in early spring gave better yield effects than application at sowing, probably because of better synchronization of the N release with crop N requirements. The residual N effect on the N offtake in crop in the year after manure application was on average 3% of the total N applied, equivalent to a fertilizer replacement value of about 6%.     

Estimation of phenotypic variability in symbiotic nitrogen fixation ability of common bean under drought stress using 15N natural abundance in grain

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important food legume, cultivated by small farmers and is usually exposed to unfavorable conditions with minimum use of inputs. Drought and low soil fertility, especially phosphorus and nitrogen (N) deficiencies, are major limitations to bean yield in smallholder systems. Beans can derive part of their required N from the atmosphere through symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF). Drought stress severely limits SNF ability of plants. The main objectives of this study were to: (i) test and validate the use of ¹⁵N natural abundance in grain to quantify phenotypic differences in SNF ability for its implementation in breeding programs of common bean with bush growth habit aiming to improve SNF, and (ii) quantify phenotypic differences in SNF under drought to identify superior genotypes that could serve as parents. Field studies were conducted at CIAT-Palmira, Colombia using a set of 36 bean genotypes belonging to the Middle American gene pool for evaluation in two seasons with two levels of water supply (irrigated and drought stress). We used ¹⁵N natural abundance method to compare SNF ability estimated from shoot tissue sampled at mid-pod filling growth stage vs. grain tissue sampled at harvest. Our results showed positive and significant correlation between nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) estimated using shoot tissue at mid-pod filling and %Ndfa estimated using grain tissue at harvest. Both methods showed phenotypic variability in SNF ability under both drought and irrigated conditions and a significant reduction in SNF ability was observed under drought stress. We suggest that the method of estimating Ndfa using grain tissue (Ndfa-G) could be applied in bean breeding programs to improve SNF ability. Using this method of Ndfa-G, we identified four bean lines (RCB 593, SEA 15, NCB 226 and BFS 29) that combine greater SNF ability with greater grain yield under drought stress and these could serve as potential parents to further improve SNF ability of common bean.     

油菜新品种宁杂1818氮肥运筹试验

以油菜(Brassica campestris L.)新品种宁杂1818为试验材料,以秦优7号为对照,研究不同氮肥运筹条件下,宁杂1818的植株长势和产量变化,旨在为深入了解宁杂1818的生长特性,建立宁杂1818高产、高效栽培技术体系提供理论依据。     

Do combined applications of crop residues and inorganic fertilizer lower emission of N2O from soil?

Emissions of N₂O were measured following addition of ¹⁵N‐labelled residues of tropical plant species [Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Mucuna pruriens and Leucaena leucocephala] to a Ferric Luvisol from Ghana at a rate of 100 mg N/kg soil under controlled environment conditions. Residues were also applied in different ratio combinations with inorganic N fertilizer, at a total rate of 100 mg N/kg soil. N₂O emissions were increased after addition of residues, and further increased with combined (ratio) applications of residues and inorganic N fertilizer. However, ¹⁵N‐N₂O production was low and short‐lived in all treatments, suggesting that most of the measured N₂O‐N was derived from the applied fertilizer or native soil mineral N pools. There was no consistent trend in magnitude of emissions with increasing proportion of inorganic fertilizer in the application. The positive interactive effect between residue‐ and fertilizer‐N sources was most pronounced in the 25:75 Leucaena:fertilizer and cowpea:fertilizer treatments where 1082 and 1130 mg N₂O‐N/g residue were emitted over 30 days. N₂O (log_e) emission from all residue amended treatments was positively correlated with the residue C:N ratio, and negatively correlated with residue polyphenol content, polyphenol:N ratio and (lignin + polyphenol):N ratio, indicating the role of residue chemical composition in regulating emissions even when combined with inorganic fertilizer. The positive interactive effect in our treatments suggests that it is unlikely that combined applications of residues and inorganic fertilizer can lower N₂O emissions unless the residue is of very low quality promoting strong immobilisation of soil mineral N.     

有机无机生物活性肥料施用技术对蔬菜作物生长及产量的影响

田间试验结果表明:施用有机无机生物活性肥料能明显提高蔬菜作物长势,提高甘蓝抗根腐和烂心病能力。在等氮条件下,与常规对照相比产量基本持平,差异并不显著;但每666.7m2可节约成本24元左右,幅度达30,7%。椐统计分析,甘蓝最佳施肥置以100kg/666,7m2为宜,此用量可比常规对照增产9.3%,每666.7m2增加收入295元。在施用总量不变的条件下,减少有机无机生物活性肥料基肥比例,甘蓝则有碱产趋势。     

施用有机肥对当归药材性状、产量及抗病性的影响

为了探寻有机肥对当归成药栽培的影响,采用黑膜覆盖栽培,基施纯有机肥（O,2000 kg·hm^-2）、纯化肥（C,磷酸二铵,420 kg·hm^-2）、减半量化肥增施有机肥［1/2（O+C）］,以不施肥为对照（CK）,栽培期测定早期抽薹率、发病率、药材产量和性状指标。结果表明,纯有机肥栽培当归早期抽薹率为8.0%,分别较CK、1/2（O+C）和C降低19.4%、15.2%和7.1%。药材产量则相反,O、C和1/2（O+C）栽培当归药材产量相当,鲜产量分别较CK提高105.9%、84.6%和78.2%。纯有机肥栽培当归根最长,侧根最多,单根最重,药材产量最高。化肥对根的增粗作用最大,但含水量高,根病率高,发病重。不同施肥每hm²鲜药材产量与综合评价指数大小顺序一致,依次为O（9220.6 kg,0.926）>C（9038.5 kg,0.610）>1/2（O+C）（8728.4 kg,0.481）>CK（4897.4 kg,0.190）。每hm²干药材产量排序为O（3149.2 kg）>1/2（O+C）（3098.7 kg）>C（2909.2 kg）>CK（1707.0 kg）,与经济收益一致。在岷县道地产区黑膜覆盖栽培,纯施有机肥对当归药材具有显著增效作用,可有效降低早薹率、根病率和发病程度,改善药材性状,提高药材产量和质量,在当归标准化栽培中可推广应用,以改变当归依赖化肥的生产现状,促进绿色有机栽培。     

放牧和氮添加对半干旱沙质草地优势种糙隐子草及群落功能性状的影响

为探究氮沉降背景下放牧对半干旱沙质草地植物功能性状的影响,本试验探究了放牧和短期氮添加(20 g·m^-2·a^-1)对半干旱沙质草地优势种糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)和群落功能性状的影响。结果表明：放牧和氮添加增加了糙隐子草的重要值,放牧降低了糙隐子草叶面积,氮添加显著降低了围封草地中糙隐子草叶干物质含量,增加了围封和放牧草地中糙隐子草叶氮含量(P<0.05);相同氮素水平下放牧降低了植物群落高度,氮添加增加了围封样地植物叶面积和叶氮含量,增加了放牧样地植物比叶面积和叶氮含量,降低了叶干物质含量(P<0.05);回归分析表明,糙隐子草叶面积和叶氮含量能较好地解释群落水平植物叶面积和叶氮含量的变化。半干旱沙质草地植物群落通过改变植株大小和主要叶性状来响应放牧和氮沉降,对预测未来草地生态系统结构与功能具有重要意义。     

钾肥对紫花苜蓿根颈丙二醛、可溶性蛋白含量与抗氧化系统的影响

为探究钾肥种类及用量对苜蓿(Medicago sativa)抗寒性的影响,本研究以‘北极熊’为供试紫花苜蓿品种,采用二因素随机区组试验设计,研究了秋季施用不同钾肥(硫酸钾和氯化钾)及不同施用量(0,50,100,150,200 kg·hm^-2 K₂O)对越冬期苜蓿根颈在不同温度(4℃,—20℃)处理下抗氧化酶[过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD),超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide disimutase,SOD),过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)]活性和可溶性蛋白(soluble protein,SP)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量变化的影响。结果表明:在4℃温度处理下,不同钾肥种类和施肥量处理中,苜蓿越冬根颈中MDA和SP含量及POD,SOD,CAT活性均无显著差异;但经—20℃低温冷冻后,不同钾肥种类和施肥量处理下,苜蓿越冬根颈中MDA含量下降,SP含量增加,POD,SOD,CAT活性增强,适应低温环境能力变强,且硫酸钾效果强于氯化钾;两种钾肥均在150 kg·hm^-2(K₂O)钾肥处理下,MDA含量最低,POD,SOD,CAT活性最强,SP含量最高,表明苜蓿受伤程度最小,抗寒保护能力最强。因此,在科尔沁沙地秋季施用300 kg·hm^-2K₂SO₄有利于苜蓿安全越冬。     

青藏高原湿草甸土壤氮组分对氮添加浓度的响应

为研究青藏高原湿草甸土壤氮组分对氮添加程度的响应规律,分析氮素大量输入生态系统后可能产生的环境和生态问题,本研究以青藏高原东北边缘碌曲县尕海-则岔国家自然保护区境内的湿草甸土壤为研究对象,设置空白对照(CK,0 g·m^-2)、低浓度(N₅,5 g·m^-2)、中浓度(N₁₀,10 g·m^-2)和高浓度(N₁₅,15 g·m^-2)4种处理,分析不同氮添加下的土壤氮组分含量(铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性有机氮)的垂直和季节变化。结果表明:不同氮添加处理均能增加土壤氮组分含量,其增加程度依次为N₅＞N₁₀＞N₁₅＞CK;在土壤垂直剖面上,土壤氮组分含量随土层深度增加而降低;在植物生长季内,氮添加处理后的土壤氮组分含量较高值出现在植物生长末期。本研究表明氮添加对青藏高原湿草甸土壤有效氮的增加具有显著促进作用。     

施氮对高寒区垂穗披碱草饲草生产性能及营养品质的影响

为探究高寒区施氮对垂穗披碱草饲草生产性能和营养品质的影响,本研究以建植第二年的垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）为研究对象,设置不同施氮处理：即纯氮N0（0 kg·hm^-2）,N10（100 kg·hm^-2）,N15（150 kg·hm^-2）,N20（200 kg·hm^-2）,N25（250 kg·hm^-2）,N30（300 kg·hm^-2）处理,旨在确定高寒区垂穗披碱草刈割型草地的合理施氮量。结果表明：施氮处理提高了垂穗披碱草的生产性能,显著增加了垂穗披碱草的分蘖数、株高和干草产量,其中干草产量较不施氮处理的平均增幅为48.34%;并且施氮处理能够改善垂穗披碱草的营养品质,显著提高了其粗蛋白（Crude protein,CP）、粗脂肪（Ether extract,EE）、淀粉含量,其中粗蛋白含量较不施氮处理的平均增幅为49.67%。中性洗涤纤维（Neutral detergent fiber,NDF）,酸性洗涤纤维（Acid detergent fiber,ADF）和粗纤维（Crude fiber,CF）含量随施氮量的增加呈先降低后升高趋势;一定的施氮处理（N10,N15,N20,N25）显著降低杂草的株高和密度,在N25处理下冷地早熟禾（Poa crymophila）、芸香叶唐松草（Thalictrum rutifolium）和沼生水马齿（Callitriche palustris L.）的密度较不施肥处理分别降低了27.52%,57.69%和35.21%,施氮处理能够有效抑制非播种草种的生长。综合分析得出,在果洛高寒区施氮量为250 kg·hm^-2时,垂穗披碱草的产草量和品质最优,且经济效益最好。