草地生态承载力研究进展及展望

从承载力的起源、演化与发展着手，重点阐述了国内外关于生态承载力的研究进展；论述了目前常用的生态承载力评价方法，包括自然植被净第一性生产力估测法、资源与需求的差量法、综合评价法、状态空间法、生态足迹法等，并对各种评价方法进行了比较评述；指出今后生态承载力研究的发展方向：加强生态承载力基础理论的研究，加强学科交叉融合，应用先进科学技术手段获取数据，实现资源共享。     

First report of a phytoplasma associated with Spondias purpurea (Jocote de Corona) in El Salvador

A new disease of the fruit tree Jocote de Corona (Spondias purpurea L.) was observed in El Salvador, Central America. The symptoms included small chlorotic leaves, highly proliferating shoots, and shortened internodes. Absence of sweet pulp in fruits made them inedible, causing considerable yield losses for farmers. The disease etiology was investigated using polymerase chain reaction with phytoplasma-specific primers, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. We obtained no amplification products from symptomless plants, whereas all tests were positive from plants with symptoms. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that this phytoplasma clustered in the 16S rIII group, the type member of which is X-disease phytoplasma. This is the first report of a phytoplasma associated with Jocote de Corona disease in El Salvador and Central America. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession number AJ888471     

Water uptake and proline index as indicators of predisposition in tomato plants to Phytophthora nicotianae infection as influenced by abiotic stresses

To identify quantitative indicators of predisposition and stress development in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Counter) plants infected by Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan, we examined plants grown under stress-inducing nutrient conditions exposed to different levels of radiation and infection. The plant's response was investigated by analysing plant growth, proline content and disease development. From all plant growth parameters investigated, only leaf surface area and total fresh mass showed a response to radiation and infection, and both indicators were strongly correlated. However, because of the destructive character of these indicators, non- or minimal destructive indicators were sought. To this end, here we report that water uptake per plant (WP) and water uptake per plant and day (WPD) and proline content of leaves represent useful tools to assess plant health status during growth.     

Ecologie des champignons parasites dans le sol—IX. Mesures du potentiel infectieux des sols naturellement infestes de Pythium SP

The technique of estimating inoculum potential of soils infested by Pythium (Bouhot 1975a,b,c) has been applied to more than 600 soil samples. 24 examples of soils, representing the several kinds of results, are presented. In order to improve the linearity of the inoculum density-disease regression, the four mathematical transformations of disease percentages, proposed by Baker (1971), are compared: logarithm of disease percentages, successful infection transformation (LN I/I — ×), log-log and Probit-log. For 80–90% of observed soils the log-log and Probit-log transformations give a straight regression line and allow the differentiation of soils by the use of UPI₅₀ (LD 50 point). The Probit-log appears to be the best to reduce the variance of replications. On the contrary for some soils the inoculum-disease relation is a concave curve different from the ideal curve proposed by Baker. The hypothesis of competition between saprophytic colonization of Pythium and of soil microflora is proposed as an explanation and suggests the opportunity to find a new model for the techniques using plants as bait and organic amendment.     

汉阴县2014年油菜菌核病发生特点原因及对策

油菜菌核病是汉阴县油菜生产上的主要病害,2014年汉阴县油菜菌核病具有发生面广,危害严重等特点。通过调查分析油菜盛花期阴雨偏多是造成2014年油菜菌核病大发生的主因;长期连作,菌源充足,田间管理不到位,农户疏于防治均是造成今年菌核病偏重发生的原因。农业部门加强监测预警,从选用抗耐病品种,加强田间管理,提高油菜自身抗病能力,重点加强初花期至盛花期的药剂防治工作,以减轻或控制来年菌核病的危害程度。     

The sea cucumber fishery in Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park follows global patterns of serial exploitation

Tropical sea cucumber fisheries follow a predictable pattern of serial depletion. Overfishing is exacerbated in developing countries where management systems lack capacity to control large numbers of fishers influenced by poverty. In contrast, the tropical sea cucumber fishery in Australia's World Heritage listed Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) is operating in a developed high‐income country with relatively few licensed fishers to manage. The development of this fishery is reviewed here in a meta‐analysis of catches from 1991 to 2011. The fishery expanded to replace high‐value teatfish species (Holothuria whitmaei and H. fuscogilva), fished heavily in initial stages of the fishery, with newly commercialized medium‐value species such as burying blackfish (Actinopyga spinea) and curryfish (Stichopus herrmanni). These two species now constitute 80% of total catch. The annual average catch of burying blackfish was 208 tonnes years 2004–11 and curryfish catches increased rapidly at an average annual pace of 200% from 2007–11. This serial harvest pattern occurred in the absence of baseline studies and without independent resource assessments, information required to inform relevant harvest predictions and to determine fishery impacts. This situation does not support ecologically relevant and adaptive decision‐making in management and the unfolding catch patterns in the GBRMP follow those in low‐income developing countries. The missing knowledge and lack of data serve as arguments to support precautionary reductions in harvests and extending fallow periods in fishing zones.     

鸭梨几丁质PbChiIV的克隆与表达

【目的】从鸭梨果实中克隆PbChiIV的全长cDNA序列,检测PbChiIV在根、茎、叶、果实以及在水杨酸（SA）和梨轮纹病菌诱导下的表达特性,以探讨该基因与SA信号转导及抗梨轮纹病菌的相关性。【方法】设计特异引物,克隆PbChiIV的全长序列,将测序得到的核苷酸序列和推导的氨基酸序列在NCBI上用BLAST进行序列相似性分析,利用BiotEdit软件对氨基酸序列进行比对,利用MEGA6.0构建系统发育树,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析该基因在梨不同组织以及在SA和梨轮纹病菌诱导下的表达。【结果】克隆了PbChiIV的cDNA序列为819 bp,GenBank数据库登录号为KJ872676。生物信息学分析表明,PbChiIV编码272个氨基酸,与沙梨的同源性达100%,与毛果杨（XP_006376418.1）、葡萄（NP001268173.1）、拟南芥（CAA74930.1）、紫花苜蓿（ACL36992.1）、蒺藜苜蓿（AAR87869.1）、豇豆（CAA61281.1）、榛子（AEM97876.1）、东方山羊豆（AAP03085.1）、葡萄（NP_001268075.1）、华东葡萄（ABY66958.1）、葡萄（AAB65777.1）、烟草（BAF44533.1）和海岛棉（AER29902.1）的同源性分别为79%、73%、73%、72%、72% 、72%、69%、68%、67%、67%、65%、67%和62%,属于第IV类几丁质酶基因。表达分析表明,PbChiIV在根中的表达量最大,分别是茎和叶的4.32和2.96倍,其次是在果实中的表达量,分别是茎和叶的2.48和1.70倍,在叶片和茎中的表达相对较低。在鸭梨幼果和成熟期果实中,SA和梨轮纹病菌均可诱导该基因表达。SA处理后基因的最大表达量是对照的2.83和3.8倍,病原菌处理后基因的最大表达量是对照的1.82和1.66倍,SA、病原菌处理后基因的最大表达量是对照的2.49和3.43倍,表达量分别在72、24和72 h达到最大值。【结论】PbChiIV可能参与SA介导的植物抗病防卫反应的信号通路,推测其参与梨轮纹病菌引起的防卫反应,在鸭梨抗病过程中起作用。     

Establishing marine protected areas through bottom‐up processes: insights from two contrasting initiatives in Chile

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十一种杀菌剂防治马铃薯晚疫病的适宜施用时期

为了明确当前市场上具有代表性的11种防治马铃薯晚疫病杀菌剂的适宜施用时期,采用人工接种马铃薯叶片的方法,测定了其中5种药剂在接种晚疫病菌前10 d内不同时间施用的预防效果和其中7种药剂在接种后24 h内不同时间施用的治疗效果。结果显示:在保证良好防治效果的前提下,药剂在病原菌接种前保护性施用的适宜时期比在接种后治疗性施用的适宜时期要长。在测试浓度下,接种前5种供试药剂保持100%防治效果的适宜施用时期为接种前3~10 d;而接种后7种供试药剂保持相同防效的适宜施用时期仅为接种后6~12 h,在生产实际中难以操作。研究结果说明,在田间马铃薯晚疫病的化学防治中,为了取得良好防治效果,每次用药均应在病菌侵入之前采用保护性施用,尽量避免在病菌侵入之后进行治疗性施用。     

SA、MeJA、ACC和苹果轮纹病病原菌诱导湖北海棠MhWRKY1基因的表达

 【目的】从湖北海棠叶片中克隆MhWRKY1转录因子的全长cDNA序列,分析该基因在各种组织中(叶、茎、根)的表达特性,并分析SA、MeJA、ACC在叶、茎、根中诱导MhWRKY1基因的表达模式以及苹果轮纹病病原菌诱导条件下湖北海棠叶片中该基因的表达特性。【方法】利用电子克隆技术和RT-PCR验证相结合的方法,从SA诱导的湖北海棠全长cDNA文库中,克隆MhWRKY1转录因子的全长序列;利用生物信息学的方法对其进行结构和功能的初步分析;利用实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术分析该基因在不同组织中的表达以及在SA、MeJA、ACC和苹果轮纹病病原菌诱导下的表达特性。【结果】克隆了MhWRKY1基因的全长cDNA序列为1 338 bp,GenBank数据库登录号为FJ598139。生物信息学分析表明,该基因最大开放阅读框为993 bp,编码330个氨基酸。推导的氨基酸序列与杨树WRKY26、杨树WRKY20、大豆WRKY,马铃薯WRKY2、烟草WRKY、拟南芥WRKY7、水稻WRKY53的同源性分别为68%、68%、66%、60%,59%,49%和43%。该转录因子含有1个WRKY结构域,其N端含有1个WRKYGQK结构域,C端含有1个C2H2锌脂结构,属于第Ⅱ类型的转录因子。表达分析结果表明,MhWRKY1在叶和茎中的表达量较大,分别是根的4.81和3.75倍。在湖北海棠叶、茎、根中,SA、MeJA、ACC都可以诱导该基因的表达。另外,在所研究的72 h内,苹果轮纹病病原菌可以诱导该基因表达,且表达量在12 h达到最大,是未处理之前的9倍左右。【结论】MhWRKY1转录因子可能参与SA、MeJA和ET介导的植物抗病防卫反应的基本信号通路,并且参与对苹果轮纹病病原菌引起的防卫反应,在湖北海棠的的抗病过程中可能起着非常重要的作用。