家蚕突变基因分析和基因资源库的建立及应用研究

通过家蚕品种资源的基因调查，对８０多个突变基因进行了基因分析；确立了家蚕２８个连锁群的标志基因或代表基因；建立了较完整的家蚕基因资源库；修改了家蚕第１８连锁群图，并获得国际学术界公认和采纳。利用形态性状标记抗浓核病基因，研究出一种利用形态标记进行抗浓核病品种选育的新方法；利用突变基因，选育出几个有特殊用途的育种素材及基础材料。     

Relationship between precore/basal core promoter mutations of hepatitis B virus and therapeutic effect of peginterferon α-2b,and changes of mutations before and after treatment

AIM:To investigate the relationship between therapeutic effect of peginterferon α-2b (Peg-IFNα-2b) and precore (PC) region G1896A and basal core promoter (BCP) region A1762T/G1764A mutations of hepatitis B virus (HBV), and the changes of the mutations before and after treatment. METHODS:The patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) (n=69) were treated with Peg-IFNα-2b for 48 weeks and followed up for 24 weeks. The PC and BCP sequences at baseline and the 72th week were determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing. Serum HBsAg, HBeAg, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and HBV DNA was quantified in the samples taken at baseline (week 0), during the treatment period (weeks 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 48), and during follow-up (weeks 60 and 72). RESULTS:Within the total cohort, wild-type (WT) virus was detectable in only 14 patients (20.29%), and mutants were detected in 55 patients (79.71%). The serum HBeAg level in the patients with mutant virus was significantly lower than that in the patients with WT virus (P=0.024). The proportion of WT, PC mutant, BCP mutant and PC+BCP mutant was significantly changed at baseline and week 72 (P=0.004). No significant difference of HBeAg seroconversion and combined response between patients with WT virus or mutants (PC, BCP and PC+BCP) was observed. CONCLUSION:PC and BCP mutations have no effect on the response of HBeAg-positive CHB patients to Peg-IFNα-2b. The proportion of each mutation was significantly changed before and after treatment.     

诱变与杂交结合选育超高产小麦品种的效果

为了培育超高产小麦优良品种,提出了用辐射诱变亲本,提高小麦亲本之间的遗传差异,从而增强杂交优势的理论。2003~2004年用X射线连续2年照射处理上一年处理播种出的小麦干种子。2005~2007年用高能X射线"放疗"和核磁共振双重处理,连续重复处理3年,在2007年获得大量多种类型的畸形突变植株。利用这些突变材料作为亲本,与大田中表现好的正常植株进行杂交。在杂交后代中又出现了大量的畸形突变植株,从中选出了大粒和超大粒小麦材料。这可能是突破了大粒性状和高秆性状的基因连锁关系,出现了大粒中秆和大粒低秆材料。这一理论的技术实践和材料的获得,为小麦杂种优势的诱发利用开辟了新的思路和方法,也为选育超级小麦品种创造了丰富的选种和育种材料。     

长穗颈不育系协青早eA(1)的选育

目前推广的籼型不育系存在着较严重的包颈现象 ,限制了繁种和制种产量的提高 .通过直接辐射诱变保持系协青早 B,获得其高秆隐性突变体协青早 e B( 1) ,再转育成不包颈不育系协青早 e A( 1) ,使不育系不仅解除包颈现象 ,且能保持原不育系的优良农艺性状和产量性状 .用协青早 e A( 1)组配的杂种 F1代与不含 eui基因的协青早 A的杂种 F1代无显著差异 ,并具一定增产潜力 .该不育系已于 1999年 9月通过了福建省教委组织的技术鉴定     

空间条件对没菜诱变效果的研究——突变类型的观察与筛选

利用返回式地球卫星搭载甘蓝型油菜种子的试验表明，空间条件对油菜种子具有诱导性状变异的作用，许多由空间条件诱导的性状变异能够传递给后代。通过对变异后代进行田间筛选，获得早熟、丰产、黄色种皮等突变类型，为油菜品种改良提供了丰富的遗传变异基础材料。     

全株脆性突变水稻在奶牛瘤胃内降解特性的研究

通过本试验确定全株脆性突变水稻是否可作为优质饲料稻的中间育种材料,以便为进一步解决南方饲草缺乏和开发饲料资源打下基础。本试验选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国荷斯坦牛,采用尼龙袋法研究了全株脆性突变（Brittleness Mutation,BM）水稻及其亲本中花11（Zhonghua11）在瘤胃内的降解特性。结果表明：（1）黄熟期全株BM水稻营养成分与对照亲本存在较大的差异。其中,全株BM水稻半纤维素含量极显著高于对照亲本（P〈0.01）,而NFE含量则极显著低于对照亲本（P〈0.01）;（2）24h后的各个时间点,全株BM水稻DM降解率极显著低于对照亲本（P〈0.01）,NDF、ADF、半纤维素和纤维素的降解率则极显著高于对照亲本（P〈0.01）;（3）对于瘤胃有效降解率,全株BM水稻DM有效降解率极显著低于对照亲本（P〈0.01）,NDF、ADF和半纤维素有效降解率明显高于对照亲本;（4）通过透射电镜观察,与对照亲本相比,全株脆性突变水稻的厚壁组织细胞壁明显变薄。全株脆性突变水稻可以作为优质饲料稻选育的中间育种材料。     

Molecular tools--advances, opportunities and prospects

Modern molecular technologies are having a substantial impact in many fundamental and applied areas of parasitology. In particular, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-coupled approaches have found broad applicability because their sensitivity permits the enzymatic amplification of gene fragments from minute quantities of nucleic acids from tiny amounts of parasite material. Also, high-resolution electrophoretic and genomic methods are finding increased utility. This paper briefly discusses some developments and applications of DNA methods to parasites and highlights their usefulness or potential for those of veterinary importance. Selected examples of applications with implications in fundamental (systematics, population genetics, epidemiology and ecology) and applied (diagnosis, prevention and control) areas are presented. The focus is mainly on tools for the accurate identification of parasitic nematodes and protozoa of socio-economic importance, the diagnosis of infections and the detection of genetic variability using PCR-coupled mutation scanning technology.     

广西防城港市近55年温度变化特征及突变分析

[目的]分析1955～2009年广西防城港市温度变化特征及突变情况。[方法]以广西防城港市1955～2009年温度实际观测数据为基础,采用线性倾向估计、Mann—Kendall和累积距平法,对近55年该市温度变化特征及突变情况进行了分析。[结果]近55年来防城港市年平均气温变化呈明显上升趋势,与全国温度变化趋势基本一致,夏、秋、冬季的平均气温均具有明显的增温趋势,仅春季增温趋势不明显;防城港市夏季、冬季和全年平均气温均先后在20世纪80年发生了突变,秋季是在20世纪70年代末突变,春季则没有发生突变;冬季从80年代中期开始由偏低阶段过渡到偏高阶段,年平均、春季、夏季、秋季均为90年代中后期才开始由偏低阶段过渡到偏高阶段。[结论]该研究为趋利避害指导农业生产和充分合理利用该地区的气候资源提供决策依据,。     

Molecular basis for resistance to tribenuron in shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.)

Capsella bursa-pastoris, a winter annual weed in the mustard family, can not be controlled by tribenuron after the herbicide has been continuously used for several years. The resistant biotype Lz-R was the generation of a population collected from Liangzhu, a place where tribenuron had been used for more than 15 consecutive years. To confirm and characterize the resistance of C. bursa-pastoris to tribenuron, whole-plant bioassays were conducted in the greenhouse. The results of whole-plant bioassays revealed that Lz-R was highly resistant to tribenuron with the resistance index (GR₅₀ Lz-R)/(GR₅₀ Lz-S) up to 236.6. To investigate the molecular basis of resistance in C. bursa-pastoris, the acetolactate synthase (ALS) genes were sequenced and compared between susceptible and resistant biotypes. Analysis of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences between the biotypes indicated that one substitution had occurred in Domain A, cytosine by thymine (CCT to TCT) at position 197, that led to a change of the amino acid proline in the susceptible to serine in the Lz-R.     

甘薯辐射和航天诱变育种后代材料的观察与种质筛选

通过对甘薯种子辐射和航天诱变处理后所培育的实生苗及其无性繁殖后代的地上、地下部的性状鉴定、比较、归并，分别获得了紫肉型、高胡萝卜素型、高产型、高干率型特异甘薯种质株系材料2、5、3、1份。