不同品系中华绒螯蟹土池生态育苗效果比较

为评估不同品系中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinensis）的繁殖性能和育苗效果,分别采用中华绒螯蟹二龄早熟品系（雌体≥150 g,雄体≥210 g）、“长荡湖1号”A系（雌体≥200 g,雄体≥310 g）、“长荡湖1号”B系（雌体≥250 g,雄体≥360 g）及超大规格品系（雌体≥300 g,雄体≥400 g）作为亲本进行土池生态育苗试验,比较了各品系的抱卵蟹获得率、亲本孵化率、育苗期间的投饵量、幼体变态速度以及大眼幼体产量等指标。试验结果显示：（1）各品系越冬后的抱卵蟹获得率随着亲本规格的增大而明显降低,抱卵蟹成功孵化率随着亲本规格的增大同样呈降低趋势,但组间差异不明显（P>0.05）。（2）各品系投饵量在幼体培育期间呈现先增后减的变化趋势,其中,溞Ⅴ期最高,日投饵量约为75 g/m²;与之相反,幼体蜕皮周期在幼体培育过程中呈现出先降后增的变化趋势,溞Ⅲ-Ⅳ期蜕皮周期最短,仅为5～6 d。（3）除了个别产量异常的池塘外,各品系单蟹产苗量及饵料系数均随着亲本规格的增大而提高,且各品系大眼幼体淡化率差异较小,均在90%左右。结果表明,虽然大规格品系在...     

Stocking strategies

Abstract  Stocking, transfer and introduction of fish are commonly used to mitigate loss of stocks, enhance recreational or commercial catches, restore fisheries or to create new fisheries. However, many stocking programmes are carried out without definition of objectives or evaluation of the potential or actual success of the exercise. This paper describes a strategic approach to stocking aimed at maximizing the potential benefits. A protocol is discussed which reviews factors such as source of fish, stocking density, age and size of fish at stocking, timing of stocking and mechanism of stocking. The potential genetic, ecological and environmental impacts of stocking are described.     

长江水系中华绒螯蟹线粒体DNA的遗传多样性研究

本文对长江水系南京和江都地区中华绒螯蟹共61个个体的线粒体COI基因进行了限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析。应用PCR技术扩增了中华绒螯蟹线粒体COI基因,选用8种能识别4碱基的限制性内切酶对该基因片段进行RFLP分析。在两个群体中共检测出8种复合单倍型,其中复合单倍型AAAAAAAA和BBBBBAAB为两个群体所共有,它的个体数所占的百分比在两个群体(南京和江都)中分别为87.9%、12.1%和50.0%、25.0%。在南京群体中,复合单倍型间的遗传距离为0.077,而在江都群体中,复合单倍型间的遗传距离为0.004～0.077；南京和江都群体的线粒体COI基因多态度(或称核苷酸多样性指数)π值分别为0.008和0.019。结果说明长江水系中华绒螯蟹具有一定的群体内遗传多样性。     

海洋渔业电子地图系统软件设计与实现

系统地介绍了海洋渔业电子地图系统软件EA2000的数据模型和主要功能的设计与实现，EA2000采用了面向对象的数据模型，紧密的矢栅数据接口，以及图层－地图－图集一体化数据组织管理方法，该软件具有开放的数据输入接口，图层创作的自动化和动态交互式编辑，双向查询检索，缩放漫游与多级比例尺联动显示，动态显示，对象信息自动显示，地理信息系统渔船动态监控管理，多媒体信息插入管理，互操作等功能。     

A Polymorphism in the Melanocortin 4 Receptor Gene (MC4R:c.92C>T) Is Associated with Diabetes Mellitus in Overweight Domestic Shorthaired Cats

Background

Feline diabetes mellitus (DM) shares many pathophysiologic features with human type 2 DM. Human genome‐wide association studies have identified genes associated with obesity and DM, including melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), which plays an important role in energy balance and appetite regulation.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the feline MC4R gene and to determine whether any SNPs are associated with DM or overweight body condition in cats.

Animals

Two‐hundred forty domestic shorthaired (DSH) cats were recruited for the study. Of these, 120 diabetics were selected (60 overweight, 60 lean), along with 120 nondiabetic controls (60 overweight and 60 lean). Males and females were equally represented.

Methods

A prospective case‐control study was performed. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples and used as template for PCR amplification of the feline MC4R gene. The coding region of the gene was sequenced in 10 cats to identify polymorphisms. Subsequently, genotyping by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis assessed MC4R:c.92C > T allele and genotype frequencies in each group of cats.

Results

No significant differences in MC4R:c.92C>T allele or genotype frequencies were identified between nondiabetic overweight and lean cats. In the overweight diabetic group, 55% were homozygous for the MC4R:c.92C allele, compared to 33% of the lean diabetics and 30% of the nondiabetics. The differences between the overweight diabetic and the nondiabetics were significant (P < .01).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

We identified a polymorphism in the coding sequence of feline MC4R that is associated with DM in overweight DSH cats, similar to the situation in humans.     

Genetic diversity of livestock-associated MRSA isolates obtained from piglets from farrowing until slaughter age on four farrow-to-finish farms

During a previous longitudinal study, performed on four farrow-to-finish farms (A to D), samples were taken from twelve sows, their offspring, and the environment on various occasions over six months to study the MRSA presence. During the present study, a selection of the obtained MRSA isolates were typed by multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA), Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), spa typing, and SCCmec typing to study the genetic diversity of LA-MRSA isolates and to determine possible MRSA sources for pig(let)s. PFGE, spa typing, and SCCmec typing revealed the presence of one or few dominant genotype(s) per farm. In contrast, 212 MLVA types were detected on the four farms, forming one cluster on farm A, three on farm B, four on farm C and two on farm D. The genotype, found on farm A was unique for this farm. Farms B, C and D shared one cluster. In general, MLVA types from these clusters were isolated from piglets, sows, and the environment on various sampling events. Piglets carried MLVA types both related and unrelated to their mother sows’ MLVA types at farrowing and onwards. In conclusion, molecular typing revealed that within a farm one or a few dominant strain(s) are widespread. Potential MRSA sources for piglets were mother sows, the environment and other piglets.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13567-014-0089-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Optimizing the use of breed types in developing country livestock production systems: a neglected research area

Developing country livestock production systems are diverse and dynamic, and include those where existing indigenous breeds are currently optimal and likely to remain so, those where non‐indigenous breed types are already in common use, and systems that are changing, such as by intensification, where the introduction of new breed types represents significant opportunities. These include opportunities to improve the livelihood of the world's poor, increase food and nutrition security and enhance environmental sustainability. At present, very little research has focused on this issue, such that significant knowledge gaps in relation to breed‐change interventions remain. The purpose of this study is to raise awareness of this issue and suggests strategic research areas to begin filling these knowledge gaps. Such strategic research would include (i) assessing the impact of differing breed types in developing country livestock productions systems, from a range of viewpoints including intrahousehold livelihood benefit, food and nutrition security at different scales, and environmental sustainability; (ii) identification of specific livestock production systems within developing countries, and the type of livestock keepers within these system, that are most likely to benefit from new breed types; and (iii) identification of new breed types as candidates for in‐situ testing within these systems, such as through the use of spatial analysis to identify similar production environments combined with community acceptance studies. Results of these studies would primarily assist stakeholders in agriculture, including both policy makers and livestock keepers, to make informed decisions on the potential use of new breed types.     

An insight into population structure and gene flow within pure‐bred cats

Investigation of genetic structure on the basis of pedigree information requires indicators adapted to the specific context of the populations studied. On the basis of pedigree‐based estimates of diversity, we analysed genetic diversity, mating practices and gene flow among eight cat populations raised in France, five of them being single breeds and three consisting of breed groups with varieties that may interbreed. When computed on the basis of coancestry rate, effective population sizes ranged from 127 to 1406, while the contribution of founders from other breeds ranged from 0.7 to 16.4%. In the five breeds, F_IS ranged between 0.96 and 1.83%, with this result being related to mating practices such as close inbreeding (on average 5% of individuals being inbred within two generations). Within the three groups of varieties studied, F_IT ranged from 1.59 to 3%, while values were estimated between 0.04 and 0.91%, which was linked to various amounts of gene exchanges between subpopulations at the parental level. The results indicate that cat breeds constitute populations submitted to low selection intensity, contrasting with relatively high individual inbreeding level caused by close inbreeding practices.     

猪α-干扰素表达系统及其应用的研究进展

就猪α-干扰素的分子特征、生物学特性、表达系统和猪基因工程α-干扰素的应用进行综述,以期为猪α-干扰素在广谱抗病毒活性、抗肿瘤以及免疫调节的临床应用提供参考。     

气单胞菌外膜蛋白基因工程疫苗的研究进展

就气单胞菌外膜蛋白的基因工程亚单位疫苗、DNA疫苗、重组活载体疫苗等基因工程疫苗的研究现状、免疫方式以及不足之处进行了综述,以期为气单胞菌疫苗研制提供参考。