淡豆豉提取物对2型糖尿病大鼠主动脉iNOS,eNOS mRNA表达的影响

为观察淡豆豉提取物对NO/NOS系统的影响,探讨其对2型糖尿病大鼠大血管保护作用的机制.采用高糖高脂饲料喂养加小剂量链尿佐菌素腹腔注射的方法复制2型糖尿病大鼠模型,给药56 d后检测大鼠空腹血糖(FBG)、血清胰岛素(FIN),计算胰岛素敏感指数(ISI),放免法检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)及一氧化氮(N0)水平,RT-PCR法检测主动脉内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS) mRNA表达.结果显示:淡豆豉提取物能显著降低T2DM大鼠FBG、FIN、TNF-α、NO水平,显著提高ISI,显著降低iNOS mRNA表达,对eNOS mRNA表达则无明显影响.淡豆豉提取物可影响2型糖尿病大鼠NO/NOS系统,并可能通过此途径对2型糖尿病大鼠大血管产生保护作用.     

黑荆树经营数表编制的研究——Ⅱ经济材出材量表与树皮材积、重量表

黑荆树的树皮和木材分别是提取栲胶、造纸和培养香菇的好原料。福建省漳州市各县已建立了一定规模的原料基地。为正确测定黑荆树的经济材出材量与树皮的材积、重量,笔者调查了133块标准地,砍伐样木333株,继编制了立木材表后,又编制了经济材出材量表与树皮材积、重量表。编表中采用了3个数学模型的选择,所编的数表总体精度均在95％以上。精度高,具有一定的实用价值。     

两种炮制方法对附子品质的影响

探讨了两种不同的炮制方法对附子品质的影响.采用高压蒸煮法和微波加热法处理附片,测定炮制前后总生物碱、乌头碱、水浸出物和醇浸出物含量的变化.结果表明,附子经过高压蒸煮和微波炮制后,总生物碱、乌头碱含量大幅下降,水浸出物含量升高,醇浸出物含量变化较小.这两种炮制方法对附子品质有较大的影响.     

Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) of Piscicidal Plants and Their Utilization in Aquaculture

Aqueous and ethanol extracts of Acacia pennata (bark), Catunaregam uliginosa (fruit), Diospyros lenceofolia (fruit), and Sapindus mukorossi (fruit) were evaluated as piscicides on the freshwater fish Danio dangila, Danio rerio, and Puntius shalynius, and the air-breathing Heteropneustes fossilis. Catunaregam uliginosa (fruit) possessed relatively higher piscicidal potency followed by Sapindus mukorossi (fruit), Acacia pennata (bark), and lastly Diospyros lanceofolia (fruit). Catunaregam uliginosa can thus be used for eradicating unwanted wild fishes in a short time span at low concentrations so that the health of aquatic environment is maintained.     

The Effects of Freshwater Clam (Corbicula fluminea) Extract on Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) in Prediabetic Patients in Taiwan

Freshwater clam extract (FCE) is a functional food that regulates the immune system and has been demonstrated in numerous studies to display desirable anti–tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) responses. In addition, excess TNF-α production is positively associated with type 2 diabetes. However, few longitudinal clinical studies evaluating the efficiency and toxicity of FCE are available. This article reports that patients with prediabetes who received FCE had a desirable outcome of a reduction in serum TNF-α for a long period. This was a double-blind, randomized, parallel clinical trial conducted using FCE intervention and placebo groups, and 36 patients with prediabetes were enrolled. Two grams of FCE or placebo was consumed daily for 180 consecutive days. The serum of the participants was collected at four time points (0M: before the intervention; 3M: after 3 months of intervention; 6M: after 6 months of intervention; 12M: 6 months after cessation of intervention at 6M). A serum TNF-α concentration higher than 4.05 pg/mL was defined as a cut-off value. FCE reduced serum TNF-α in all participants at 6M and 12M. Moreover, FCE significantly suppressed serum TNF-α concentrations at 6M and 12M and inhibited TNF-α release with time series in subjects with elevated TNF-α values. FCE intervention effectively reduced serum TNF-α and persistently sustained the effects for half a year in patients with prediabetes. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GS-MS) analysis revealed that the major components of FCE were phytosterols and fatty acids, which exerted anti-inflammatory and anti-TNF-α abilities. Hence, FCE has the potential to be developed as a natural treatment for prediabetic patients in Taiwan.     

Resin Tapping and Forest Cooperatives in Honduras

Abstract

Case studies were completed on five Honduran agro-forestry cooperatives. A comparative instrumental analysis of the five case studies was utilized to determine the factors most important for success or failure of a cooperative. The case studies yielded ten focus areas of importance: forest resource base, land tenure, structure and governance, benefits for cooperative members and communities, institutional support, international aid projects, pine bark beetle, resin tapping, logging and marketing, and integration of logging and resin tapping.     

恩施藤茶乙醇提取物对高温煮熟鱼肉腐败菌的抑制作用研究

以生长菌落数为评价指标,研究恩施藤茶乙醇提取物对高温煮熟鱼肉的防腐效果;采用稀释平板法分离纯化和16S rDNA测序技术鉴定导致高温煮熟鱼肉腐败变质的细菌;运用滤纸片法测试恩施藤茶乙醇提取物对腐败变质细菌的抑菌活性;通过测定恩施藤茶乙醇提取物对腐败变质细菌生长曲线、导电率及生物大分子含量的影响研究其抑菌机理。结果表明:在储藏15 d内,30 mg·mL-1恩施藤茶乙醇提取物能完全抑制高温煮熟鱼肉中细菌生长;分离、鉴定了2株导致高温煮熟鱼肉腐败变质的细菌Bacillus methylotrophicus T-10、Alcaligenes faecalis T-9;恩施藤茶乙醇提取物对这2株腐败菌具有中敏抑菌活性(抑菌圈直径:10~20 mm),其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为16.0 mg·mL-1和20.0 mg·mL-1;恩施藤茶乙醇提取物通过破坏菌体细胞膜的完整性,致使生物大分子物质外溢而发挥抑菌作用。     

返青期醉马草株体对几种牧草种子萌发的化感作用

以采自新疆天山北坡的醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)株体为供体植物,红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)3种补播牧草及醉马草自身为受体植物,采用培养皿滤纸法研究返青期醉马草不同营养器官水浸液在0.2、0.1、0.05和0.025g·mL-1 4个浓度下对这4种植物种子萌发的化感作用。结果表明,醉马草株体水浸液对4种植物种子的化感作用均表现为抑制作用,且敏感性从强到弱依次为醉马草无芒雀麦红豆草紫花苜蓿;不同部位的醉马草水浸液化感作用强度为茎叶根;醉马草株体水浸液对紫花苜蓿种子的萌发具有低浓度(0.025g·mL-1)促进、高浓度(0.2g·mL-1)抑制的作用,而对无芒雀麦、红豆草和醉马草种子,则不同浓度呈现出不同程度的抑制效应。因此,建议使用紫花苜蓿等耐受性较好的牧草来对醉马草爆发区进行春季补播恢复。     

不同浸提条件对包膜控/缓释肥水中溶出率的影响

以几种不同包膜材料控／缓释肥为供试肥料,研究不同肥(养分)水比、浸提方式(连续浸提和更换浸提液)、温度和pH条件对控／缓释肥水中溶出率的影响。结果表明,浸提液中肥料浓度是影响养分释放的重要因素,加大肥水比、更换浸提液可以显著减小这种影响。升高温度,有机和无机材料包膜控／缓释肥水中溶出率均显著加快。肥料类型、肥水比对浸提液的pH都有显著影响,但在连续浸提和更换浸提液方式下,7d内浸提液的pH有着不同的变化趋势。控／缓释肥在pH.5的磷酸盐缓冲液中的溶出率显著高于在pH.7的磷酸盐缓冲液中的溶出率。因此,对于不同包膜材料控／缓释肥以一定pH值的微酸性缓冲溶液作为浸提剂,定期更换浸提液或采用动态流法,相同的氮(或磷、钾)水比,30℃左右的浸提条件是较为合理的。