Microbial biomass, enzyme and mineralization activity in relation to soil organic C, N and P turnover influenced by acid metal stress

This study focused on the potential of using soil microbial biomass, enzyme and mineralization activities involved in organic C, N and P turnover, to evaluate the quality of a subtropical agricultural soil affected by long-term acid metal stress. Fractions of C, N and P involved in soil organic matter, microbial biomass and mineralization processes were estimated. Total enzyme activity (FDA) and eight hydrolase activities (xylanase, amylase, β-glucosidase, invertase, N-acteyl-glucosaminidase, urease, alkaline and acid phosphatases) in different decomposition stages of organic C, N and P were selected to characterize the soil functional diversity. These biological datasets were compared with soil metal variables (total contents and free and ligand-complexed ions of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Al and Mn), using principal component analyses, co-inertia and discriminant analyses. The multiple statistics indicate that the metal variables were significantly related with not only general biological factors, but also respective datasets of biomass, enzyme activities and mineralization rates (all P < 0.001). In general, metal variables were inversely related to parameters and indices of microbial biomass C, N and P, FDA and C-related polysaccharidase and heterosidase activities, and P mineralization. As comparison, metal variables exhibited positive relationships with parameters and indices of N-related N-acteyl-glucosaminidase, urease, ammonification, total N mineralization and metabolic quotient, compared with inhibited nitrification. Specifically, free and complexed metal cations showed higher bioavailability than total contents in most cases. Cu, Pb, Al and Mn had different ecotoxicological impacts than Cd and Zn did. Stepwise regression models demonstrated that metal variables are key stress factors, but most of them excluded soil pH. Furthermore, spatial distribution in land uses and of sampling sites clearly separated the soil samples in these models (P < 0.001). We conclude that such a statistical analysis of microbiological and biochemical indices can provide a reliable and comprehensive indication of changes in soil quality and organic nutrient cycling, after exposure to long-term acid metal stress.     

养殖丁肝胰脏淀粉酶活性的初步研究

[目的]研究养殖丁(Tinca tinca L.)肝胰脏淀粉酶的基本性质。[方法]采用酶学分析方法研究丁肝胰脏淀粉酶的pH、温度、底物浓度、缓冲液及8种金属离子对其肝胰脏淀粉酶活性影响。[结果]淀粉酶最适pH为7.5,最适温度44℃,最适底物浓度0.4%,最适缓冲液为0.2 mol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液。在设定浓度范围内(10～50 mmol/L),K+、Na+对淀粉酶活力影响具有促进作用;Ca2+、Mg2+对淀粉酶活力也有促进作用;Fe3+在低浓度(10 mmol/L)表现为促进,高浓度(20～50 mmol/L)表现为抑制作用;Al3+、Pb2+、Ag+对酶活力具有抑制作用。[结论]结果为丁鱼岁的人工养殖和饲料优化,提供一定的理论依据。     

镀膜木材的耐候性

用气密性氨基树脂和硅烷偶联剂封闭桐木胶合板,真空磁控溅射镀膜镍钛合金原子膜,使镀膜木材经过了紫外灯光照射,较高室内温度、湿度的环境老化.试验结果显示:屏蔽效能保持在58 dB以上,老化后镀膜木材电磁屏蔽效能稳定.附着强度在老化前300 h内没有变化,保持2.0 MPa不变;从400～ 600 h稍有下降,每100h衰减...     

黄山毛峰茶中金属元素含量测定

［目的］利用化学手段测定黄山毛峰茶中金属元素的含量,为其进一步开发利用提供参考依据。［方法］湿法消化黄山毛峰茶样品,采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定K、Ca、Na、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr的含量。［结果］黄山毛峰茶中10种元素的含量为：Ca〉K〉Na〉Mn〉Mg〉Fe〉Zn〉Cu〉Ni〉Cr;各元素的加标回收率为95.32%-105.34%;相对标准偏差为1.08%-3.74%,准确度和精密度符合要求。［结论］火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定黄山毛峰茶中金属元素含量的方法是可行的。     

土壤重金属的生物有效性及对植物的毒害作用

本文就重金属在土壤中的存在形态、pH值、根际环境等对其生物有效性影响及重金属在土壤中的环境化学行为等方面进行了简要综述,并对未来相关领域的研究发展趋势作了展望,以期为深入开展土壤重金属生物有效性研究提供科学参考。     

典型工业区域中铬·铅·砷·镉的污染特征及影响评价研究

[目的]以我国某典型工业区为研究对象,研究其污染特征和产生原因.[方法]通过电感耦合等离子质谱仪（ICP/MS）检测方法调查工业区内水体和土壤中铬（Cr）、铅（Pb）、砷（As）和镉（Cd）的浓度水平,并采用单项污染指数和综合污染指数法进一步对污染状况进行影响评价.[结果]水体中Cr质量浓度水平相对较高（最高质量浓度为303 μg/L）;土壤样品中Pb、As和Cd污染极其严重（最高质量浓度分别为2 719.7 mg/kg、91.8 mg/kg和19.6 mg/kg）.根据我国地表水Ⅲ类标准和土壤二级标准值计算,水体中Cr最高浓度超过评价标准5.06倍;土壤中Pb、As和Cd最高浓度分别超过评价标准8.07倍、2.67倍和64.27倍.水体（/土壤）中Cr、Pb、As和Cd单项污染指数平均值分别为：4.53（/0.08）、0.05（/0.83）、0.43（/1.14）和0.08（/7.08）;从综合污染指数来看,90.9％（10/11个）的水样和70.4％（19/27个）的土壤样品的综合污染指数大于1,表明研究区域水体和土壤中4种物质复合污染相对严重.相关性分析显示,土壤中Pb和Cd具有显著相关性（R2 =0.81）,表明两者可能为复合污染,有相同或者相近的污染源.[结论]来源解析表明,工矿业生产中用到的原材料及排放的废弃物是污染主要来源.     

Uptake pathways and toxicity of Cd and Zn in the earthworm Eisenia fetida

The uptake of Cd and Zn by the earthworm Eisenia fetida was determined at varying Ca concentrations and with pre-exposure to different metabolic inhibitors in simulated soil solutions over a 48-h period. The presence of Ca in the solution had complex actions on Cd uptake. At a low Cd concentration of 0.1 μM, Ca (0.1-1 mM) slightly but significantly stimulated Cd uptake, whereas it inhibited Cd uptake at a higher Cd level (10 μM). Pre-exposure to a Ca-channel blocker (Lanthanum) inhibited Cd uptake over a relatively wide range of Cd concentrations, but not Zn uptake, suggesting that the uptake of Zn was not exerted at a Ca channel. N-ethylmaleimide, which specifically binds to sulfhydryl groups, inhibited Zn uptake at both 0.1 and 10 μM, implying that the transport of Zn is carrier-mediated by proteins or other SH-containing compounds. The present study provides evidence that the mechanisms of Cd and Zn uptake in earthworms are pharmacologically different, although both metals have similar geochemical and environmental properties. After 24 h pre-exposure to a sublethal concentration (1.0 μM) of Cd, Zn toxicity for E. fetida was significantly reduced with 48-h LC₅₀ values (with 95% confidence interval) increasing from 145 (105-201) to 316 (212-470) μM Zn. Pre-exposure to Zn (1.0 μM) did not, however, affect Cd toxicity. Pre-exposure to Cd significantly changed the subcellular Zn distribution, with a decreasing fraction of Zn associated with Fraction B (associated with granules and cell membranes), which is believed to be most indicative of toxic pressure and an increased fraction associated with Fraction G (associated with cytosol). This most likely explains the observed Zn tolerance of E. fetida after low level Cd pre-exposure. These results help to understand the uptake mechanism and interactions of Zn and Cd in earthworms.     

重金属Cr6+、Mn2+污染对小麦幼苗生理生化特性及生长的影响研究

对不同浓度Cr6+、Mn2+处理的小麦种子萌发、小麦叶片叶绿素组成含量及SOD、POD酶活性的变化进行了研究。结果表明,低浓度处理(Cr6+浓度≤10 mg/L、Mn2+浓度≤8 mg/L)能够促进小麦种子萌发和生长,提高叶绿素含量及SOD、POD酶活性;但随着处理浓度的升高,Cr6+、Mn2+对小麦的抑制作用逐渐增强,毒害作用明显。     

金属粗粉注射成形后续热脱脂工艺研究

研究了经虹吸脱脂后粗粉注射成形坯的热脱脂过程。研究发现,虹吸脱脂脱除了部分PW,在后续热脱脂过程中升温速率仍然不能太快;粗粉较细粉有更好的脱脂特性,在PW和LDPE的急剧裂解段缓慢的升温或较长的保温时间有利于避免鼓泡、起皮等缺陷的产生。     

金属离子对过氧化氢漂白的影响

阐述了化学浆过氧化氢漂白中金属离子的来源和对漂白的影响机理，介绍了控制浆中金属离子的几种方法。