黑穗醋栗半同胞子代遗传效应分析及优良家系选择

以黑穗醋栗半同胞家系子代测定林为研究对象,通过探讨果实性状的遗传变异规律综合分析了数量性状的遗传效应,并以此为基础材料,系统进行了优良家系的选择。结果表明,家系间果实性状存在一定的变异,其中,果径变异较小,果穗质量变异较大,单果质量变异最大,平均变异系数分别为2.75%、32.36%和40.41%。果径和果穗质量的遗传力较强,遗传增益中等,遗传分化较小,遗传力分别为0.995和0.811,遗传增益分别为1.28%和9.67%,综合考虑各种影响因素,确定RINI07为优良家系。     

山桐子在重庆市不同石漠化治理地区适应性比较

以株高尧地径尧冠幅尧侧枝轮数尧叶面积尧叶鲜重等的年净增长率等为比较指标袁采用多目标灰色关联投影法袁比较分析山桐子在重庆市中梁山尧万州杨家湾和彭水新田3 地石漠化治理过程中造林第1 年和第2 年的生态适应性遥结果表明袁造林后第2 年山桐子在杨家湾的适应性强于在彭水新田袁而中梁山最弱袁且差距远大于第1 年遥     

Habitat structure and prey aggregation determine the functional response in a soil predator-prey interaction

Functional responses describe the per capita consumption rates of predators depending on prey density, which quantifies the energy transfer between trophic levels. We studied a typical interaction of the litter-soil systems between hunting spiders (Pardosa lugubris; Araneae: Lycosidae) and springtails (Heteromurus nitidus; Collembola: Entomobryidae) at varying habitat structure, i.e. with moss vs. without moss. We found a hyperbolic increase in consumption (functional response type II) in the treatment without habitat structure that was converted into a roller-coaster (or dome-shaped in a broad sense) functional response in treatments with habitat structure. Additional experiments suggest that the reduced per capita consumption rates at high prey densities may be explained by aggregative defence behaviour of the springtails. Experimentally, this behaviour was induced by the presence of habitat structure. We analyzed the net-energy gain of this predator-prey interaction by comparing the predator’s metabolic energy loss to its energy gain by consumption. In treatments with habitat structure, the net-energy gain of the predator was limited at intermediate prey densities where prey aggregation reduced the consumption rates. Our results stress the importance of habitat structure and prey behaviour in shaping the functional response in a typical soil-litter predator-prey interaction.     

3个豇豆品种秋延栽培适应性初步研究

探讨奇多、奇宝2个豇豆品种在本地区秋延栽培的适应性,试验以之豇28-2为参考对照,研究比较3个豇豆品种的生育期、产量,以及始花节位与产量之间的相关性。结果表明：在秋延栽培过程中,奇宝为中晚熟品种,产量低,不适宜作为秋延栽培的推广品种;之豇28-2和奇多为早熟品种,产量较高,可作为当地秋延栽培的主推品种。另外,研究结果还表明奇宝、之豇28-2与奇多3个豇豆品种的产量与始花节位有较大关系,其相关系数分别达到0.81、0.75和0.58。     

冬油菜在陇中旱农区的适应性及抗风蚀效应

为探究不同品种冬油菜在陇中旱农区的适应性及抗风蚀效应,以6种冬油菜(白菜型冬油菜‘HN12PZ16-2’‘、HN12PZ16-65’和‘平试8’,甘蓝型冬油菜‘QL-GAU-201’‘、QL-GAU-196’和‘低(1)-19’)为研究对象,具体分析其在陇中地区的越冬率、防风蚀效应、产量及含油量。结果表明,白菜型油菜由于冬前根冠比显著高于甘蓝型油菜,越冬存活率显著高于甘蓝型油菜,‘HN12PZ16-65’越冬率最高,达88.33%。白菜型油菜由于较高的株高和千粒重,产量和含油量显著高于甘蓝型油菜‘,HN12PZ16-65’产量(2937.00 kg/hm²)和含油量(43.67%)均最高。冬油菜冬前干物质积累量高,提高了农田起动风速,显著降低农田风蚀量,6个冬油菜品种农田土壤风蚀量较露地下降了88.77%～92.79%。因此‘,HN12PZ16-65’在陇中地区有较强的抗旱性,越冬率高,产量和含油量好,适应性好,且具有良好的防风蚀效应,适于陇中旱农区防风蚀越冬栽培。     

13个药用石斛种质生物学特性比较研究

旨在减少药用石斛产业化发展中对野生中药材资源的依赖,筛选适合人工栽培的优良种质,实现中药产业持续发展与生态环境保护相协调。以湖北英山引种收集的13个药用石斛原生种质为试材,采用物候期观测、茎叶形态和花形态等生物学特性观测方法,同时进行生长适应性比较。结果表明：不同药用石斛种质的物候期不同,花期最早在3月底,多数集中在4—5月,最晚可到7—8月。不同种质间茎叶形态和花形态存在显著差异,可分为高大型、普通型和小型3个类型。不同药用石斛种质的花瓣和唇瓣颜色主要在白色到黄绿色之间变化。花瓣质地以革质为主,少数为厚革质、纸质或膜质。‘霍山石斛’、‘铁皮石斛’、‘铜皮石斛’和‘罗河石斛’的生长适应性较好。湖北省英山县地理气候条件优越,适合大多数药用石斛的生长。物候期、茎叶形态和花形态是区分药用石斛种质类别的重要指标。‘霍山石斛’、‘铁皮石斛’、‘铜皮石斛’（江西种源）是可以在湖北省推广发展的优质种质。     

Influence of inorganic and organic fertilization on soil microbial biomass, metabolic quotient and heavy metal bioavailability

 We studied the long-term effects (12 years) of municipal refuse compost addition on the total organic carbon (TOC), the amount and activity of the microbial biomass (soil microbial biomass C, B_C and metabolic quotient qCO₂) and heavy metal bioavaiability in soils as compared to manuring with mineral fertilizers (NPK) and farmyard manure (FYM). In addition, we studied the relationships between among the available fraction [Diethylenetriaminopentacetic acid (DTPA) extractable] of heavy metals and their total content, TOC and B_C. After 12 years of repeated treatments, the TOC and B_C of control and mineral fertilized plots did not differ. Soils treated with FYM and composts showed a significant increase in TOC and B_C in response to the increasing amounts of organic C added. Values of the B_C/TOC ratio ranged from 1.4 to 2, without any significative differences among soil treatments. The qCO₂ increased in the organic-amended soil and may have indicated microbial stress. The total amounts of metals in treated soils were lower than the levels permitted by the European Union in agricultural soils. DTPA-extractable metals increased in amended soils in response to organic C. A multiple regression analysis with stepwise selection of variables was carried out in order to discriminate between the influence exerted on DTPA-extractable metals by their total content, TOC and B_C. Results showed that each metal behaved quite differently, suggesting that different mechanisms might be involved in metal bioavailability Received: 31 October 1997     

Responses of microbial biomass and respiration of soil to topography,burning, and nitrogen fertilization in a temperate steppe

Temporal dynamics of microbial biomass and respiration of soil and their responses to topography, burning, N fertilization, and their interactions were determined in a temperate steppe in northern China. Soil microbial indices showed strong temporal variability over the growing season. Soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN) were 14.8 and 11.5% greater in the lower than upper slope, respectively. However, the percentage of organic C present as MBC and the percentage of total N present as MBN were 16.9 and 26.2% higher in the upper than lower slope, respectively. Neither microbial respiration (MR) nor metabolic quotient (qCO₂) was affected by topography. Both MBC and MBN were increased by burning, on average, by 29.8 and 14.2% over the growing season, and MR and qCO₂ tended to reduce depending on the sampling date, especially in August. Burning stimulated the percentage of organic C present as MBC and the percentage of total N present as MBN in the upper slope, but did not change these two parameters in the lower slope. No effects of N fertilization on soil microbial indices were observed in the first growing season after the treatment. Further research is needed to study the long-term relationships between changes in soil microbial diversity and activity and plant community in response to burning and N fertilization.     

用GGE双标图分析燕麦区域试验品系产量稳定性及试点代表性

为准确评价燕麦品系的稳产性和适应性,采用GGE双标图对2006—2008年国家燕麦区域试验10个试点的12个裸燕麦品系及6个参试地点的6个皮燕麦品系试验数据进行分析。结果显示,坝莜8号、坝莜3号和张燕2号属于高产、稳产性较好的品系;科燕1号和保罗具有特殊适应性,在局部地区有推广价值。在10个裸燕麦试点中,河北张北最具有代表性,吉林白城、新疆乌鲁木齐、河北崇礼、宁夏固原和内蒙古武川的鉴别力较好,而甘肃会宁和山西右玉的鉴别力较差。在6个皮燕麦试点中,内蒙古武川最具有代表性,青海西宁的鉴别力最好,河北张北的鉴别力较差。本研究为客观评价燕麦参试品系的高产性及稳产性提供了简便、有效的分析手段,也为国家燕麦品种鉴定与推广提供了依据。