Spatio-temporal variation of anisotropy of saturated hydraulic conductivity in a tilled sandy loam soil

Knowledge on anisotropy of saturated hydraulic conductivity can improve the understanding of transport phenomena in soil. We hypothesized that saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) in the upper part of the root zone of an agricultural sandy loam soil was anisotropic at different soil depths and times after tillage. K_s was measured on undisturbed 100 cm³ core samples taken in the horizontal and vertical directions in up to four soil layers (Surf: surface layer (0–5 cm); Top: topsoil (10–15 cm); Trans: transition layer between topsoil and subsoil; Sub: subsoil (40–60 cm)) 1, 8 and 32 months, respectively, after mouldboard ploughing and drilling. The ratio between estimated geometric mean values for K_s in the vertical and the horizontal directions (K_ms,v/K_ms,h) was used to test the hypotheses. A total of 669 soil samples were analysed.K_ms,v/K_ms,h varied with time after tillage and between soil layers. One month after ploughing, K_ms,v/K_ms,h was <0.23 (P = 0.975) in the Trans layer with an average value of 0.084, i.e. K_ms,h was 12 times larger than K_ms,v. Anisotropy could not be documented in this layer 8 or 32 months after ploughing, i.e. K_ms,v/K_ms,h was not significantly different from 1.0. For the Surf and Top layers 32 months after ploughing, K_ms,v/K_ms,h was in the intervals 1.4–50 and 3.1–77, respectively, (P = 0.95) with average values of 8.4 and 15, respectively. Thus, K_ms,v was 8.4 respectively 15 times larger than K_ms,h in the two layers. Anisotropy was not found in these layers 1 or 8 months after tillage. Strong anisotropy was found in the Sub layer with K_ms,v/K_ms,h averaging to 14 and 32, respectively, 8 and 32 months after tillage. K_ms,v and K_ms,h generally decreased with time in the Surf, Top and Trans layers, except in the vertical direction in the Top layer between 8 and 32 months after ploughing, and in the Trans layer between 1 and 8 months after ploughing. Overall, the geometric means of K_s varied between 10^−4.0 and 10^−7.1 m s⁻¹.The results may reflect systematic effects of soil settlement and drying/wetting phenomena coupled with biological activity and the existence of stable, vertically oriented biopores in the subsoil. It appears to be necessary to consider anisotropy of K_s and its variation in the analysis and modelling of water flow and chemical transport in agricultural soils, particularly to explain heterogeneous flow phenomena at the plot and field scales.     

大青山不同林地类型土壤特性及其水源涵养功能

对内蒙古大青山4种林地类型的土壤特性、凋落物持水量及林地土壤贮水性能进行了研究。结果表明:①林地间土壤容重和孔隙度差异较大,容重大小依次为油松人工林>虎榛子灌丛林>落叶松人工林>白桦山杨天然次生林;总孔隙大小依次为白桦山杨天然次生林>落叶松人工林>虎榛子灌丛林>油松人工林;②林地间凋落物蓄积量和最大持水率差异较大,蓄积量大小依次为落叶松人工林>白桦山杨天然次生林>虎榛子灌丛林>油松人工林;最大持水率大小依次为落叶松人工林>白桦山杨天然次生林>虎榛子灌丛林>油松人工林;③依据林地总贮水量的大小,4种林地水源涵养功能大小依次为白桦山杨天然次生林(3 687.172 t/hm2)>落叶松人工林(3 553.229 t/hm2)>虎榛子灌丛林(3 035.698 t/hm2)>油松人工林(2 796.279 t/hm2)。     

Biochemical defense responses of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) lines to Phytophthora capsici

A study on biochemical factors involved in black pepper defense response against Phytophthora capsici, was carried out in P. capsici susceptible (Sreekara) and resistant (04-P24, shows root resistance to the pathogen) black pepper lines. Seven important factors – change in membrane conductance, total phenols, orthodihydroxy (OD) phenols, lignin and defense related enzymes (peroxidase, β-1,3 glucanase and β-1,4 glucanase) – were studied under uninoculated and pathogen (P. capsici, isolate 06-04) inoculated condition to know the preformed and induced responses. The pathogen was inoculated (soil inoculation) and plants were observed for changes, at 24 h intervals for 10 days. On 8th day after inoculation symptoms started appearing on Sreekara and increased the severity till 10th day. Both root and stem samples were subjected for biochemical analysis. Of the factors analyzed, it was found that membrane conductance, OD phenol, lignin and peroxidase activity play significant role in root resistance to P. capsici in 04-P24. Light microscopy of the portion of root – where pathogen found attached – was also done.     

几种重金属离子对高羊茅种子萌发及生理活性的响应

试验以高羊茅Festuca arundinacea"凌志1号"种子为材料,研究了镉(Cd2 )、铜(Cu2 )、汞(Hg2 )对种子萌发和幼芽细胞膜透性以及其体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响.结果表明,0.5和5mg/L Hg2 极显著地促进萌发(P<0.01),50mg/L Cu2 极显著地抑制萌发(P<0.01),500mg/L各离子均显著抑制种子萌发(P<0.05).随处理的质量浓度逐渐增加,幼芽细胞膜透性逐渐增加.0.5mg/L的质量浓度下,Cu2 和Hg2 处理幼芽细胞膜透性显著低于对照(P<0.05);5和50mg/L的质量浓度下,Hg2 处理细胞膜透性最大;500mg/L的质量浓度下,Cu2 处理细胞膜透性最高.幼芽CAT的影响均表现为随质量浓度增加而逐渐升高,在0.5mg/L的质量浓度下,Cu2 处理CAT活性相对较高;在5mg/L的质量浓度下,Hg2 处理CAT活性相对较高;在50mg/L的质量浓度下,Cu2 和Hg2 处理CAT活性相对高于Cd2 处理;在500mg/L的质量的浓度下,Cu2 处理CAT活性相对较高.发芽率与细胞膜透性间存在较强的相关关系,发芽率和细胞膜透性与CAT呈负相关.综合分析几种重金属离子对高羊茅种子萌发的影响,Cd2 对高羊茅的毒害作用最大,Cu2 最小.     

牛杀菌／通透性增加蛋白氮端基因的克隆和序列分析

本试验应用RT-PCR技术,参照Genbank报道的序列,从荷斯坦牛中性粒细胞mRNA中扩增出杀菌／通透性增加蛋白（BPI）氮端基因（713bp）,并与pGEM-T-easy载体连接,构建基因重组体pGEM-T-easy-BPI,进行序列测定。结果表明获得长度为713bp的BPI氮端基因。序列分析证实该片段与安哥斯牛BPI氮端基因相比有1个点突变,为同义突变。该基因的克隆为进一步表达该基因奠定了基础。     

Effects of stocking density on oxidative stress status and mammary gland permeability in early lactating dairy cows

The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of stocking density (SD) on oxidative stress status and mammary gland permeability in early lactating dairy cows. Thirty‐two dairy cows were allocated into 16 blocks, basing on parity, previous milk yield, and body weight, and were then randomly assigned into one of the two treatments as follows: 75% (75SD) and 100% (100SD) SD. The cows were fed with same diet throughout the 8‐week experimental period. The milk yield and milk sample were collected on two consecutive days during the 8‐week experimental period weekly. Plasma samples were collected on fourth and eighth experimental weeks. Raw, energy‐corrected, and 4% fat‐corrected milk yield were significantly higher in 75SD‐cows than that of 100SD‐animals, respectively. The milk somatic cell count was lower in 75SD‐cows than that of 100SD‐animals. The levels of Na⁺, Na⁺/K⁺, bovine serum albumin and plasmin were lower in 75SD‐cows than those of 100SD‐cattle, respectively. The 75SD‐cows had reduced insulin and insulin/glucagon levels but higher prolactin and growth hormone concentrations, compared with those of 100SD‐animals, respectively. In conclusion, compared with low SD‐animals, early lactating cows with higher SD had higher oxidative stress status, which further led to a greater mammary gland permeability.     

不同薄膜包装冷藏对扁桃主要成分变化的影响

将采后的"陕86-4"扁桃以不同厚度的PE薄膜包装后置于(0±0.5)℃温度下冷藏,定期测定扁桃的呼吸强度、含水量、粗脂肪、含糖量及蛋白质含量,测定结果表明:(1)"陕86-4"扁桃在(0±0.5)℃温度,RH 65%左右,0.03 mm PE薄膜条件贮藏效果要好于0.05 mm和0.08 mmPE薄膜,最有利于减缓生理代谢速度,延缓衰老,延长贮藏期,是较理想的贮藏方法;(2)"陕86-4"扁桃属于呼吸跃变型果实,几个处理的呼吸飘移中都有呼吸高峰的出现,0.03 mm 厚的PE薄膜能有效推迟"陕86-4"扁桃的呼吸高峰到来;(3)"陕86-4"扁桃的含水量、含糖量、粗脂肪及蛋白质含量在(0±0.5)℃温度,RH在65%左右,0.03 mm PE薄膜条件下贮藏变化较小;(4)薄膜厚度过厚会引起贮藏环境中气体成分(CO2和O2)比例不当,而导致"陕86-4"扁桃异常代谢,贮藏效果下降.     

仙客来品种间耐热性比较研究

以9个不同品种仙客来幼苗为试材,通过叶片细胞相对膜透性的测定,结合叶片显微结构的观察,对仙客来不同品种间幼苗的耐热性进行了比较.结果表明:法国、日本仙客来品种耐热性最强,荷兰品种耐热性最差;仙客来叶片细胞相对膜透性和叶片表皮厚度均可作为其不同品种间耐热性鉴定指标.     

西吉县黄家二岔小流域地表径流和土壤渗透性能的研究

运用人工模拟降雨和径流小区试验方法,研究了宁夏西吉县黄家二岔小流域的土壤渗透性能。结果表明,影响土壤渗透性能的主要因子是土地利用方式、地面坡度、土壤含水率、土壤总孔隙度和雨强。据此,提出了充分利用干旱地区有限降水资源的建议。     

晋西旱塬地渗水地膜覆盖玉米试验

在位于晋西南黄土残塬沟壑区的隰县旱地进行了渗水地膜覆盖玉米种植试验。结果表明,与常规地膜覆盖比较,渗水地膜覆盖玉米增产３８．３％,增产效果显著;玉米生育期０－１００ｃｍ土层内土壤含水量平均提高２个百分点,天然降水的水分粮食生产效率达到２３．２５ｋｇ．ｍｍ＾－１．ｈｍ＾－２;当气温在３５℃以下时,渗水地膜与常规微膜具有相同的增温效果,当气温在３５℃以上时,渗水地膜下的增温速度明显减慢,玉米生育期株高