Evaluation of Trichoderma spp. as a Biocontrol Agent Against Soilborne Fungi and Plant-parasitic Nematodes in Israel

The optimal conditions required to market Trichoderma as a biocontrol agent against soilborne fungi and nematodes are discussed. These include a proper formulation, an efficient delivery system, and alternative methods for Trichoderma's application.The implementation of Trichoderma in integrated pest management (IPM) can be achieved using a soil treatment which combines reduced amounts of biocides/fungicides and the Trichoderma preparation. Biocontrol activity can be increased by combining two (or more) types of biocontrol agents. Moreover, the construction of a genetically modified Trichoderma can lead to the improvement of certain traits which are absent or not highly expressed in the native microorganism isolated from its natural habitat.Different Trichoderma harzianum and T. lignorum isolates were tested for their nematicidal activity against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. In short-term experiments, improved growth of nematode-infected plants and decreases in the root-galling index and the number of eggs per gram of root were achieved when nematode-infested soils were pre- exposed to the T. harzianum preparations. A long-term experiment resulted in improved growth and higher yield of nematode-infected plants, but no significant change in the galling index, either by pre-exposure of the fungus to the soil or by enrichment in the root-ball.As biocontrol is an integral part of the IPM philosophy, judicious use of Trichoderma against soilborne pathogens, when demonstrated to be consistently effective, practical and economic, can serve as a model for the introduction and implementation of other biocontrol means into IPM.     

淡紫拟青霉不同菌株对南方根结线虫卵寄生率三种处理方法的比较

利用来自不同地域的淡紫拟青霉的13个菌株，分别用其孢子液处理南方根结线虫分散卵粒、菌丝处理分散卵粒、孢子液处理卵囊以评价淡紫拟青霉对南方根结线虫的寄生性。在被试所有菌株中，同一菌株三种不同方法对根结线虫卵的寄生率相比，孢子液处理卵囊均明显高于其他两种处理。不同菌株对南方根结线虫卵的寄生率有很大的差异。三种处理方法结果显示618号菌株寄生率均为最高。菌株对卵的寄生率与菌株地理来源无明显相关性。     

不同生物制剂对南方根结线虫杀虫活性与防治效果

为探讨不同生物制剂对南方根结线虫杀虫活性及其防治效果,采用实验室分离培养的10株芽孢杆菌和2种山杏壳木醋液对南方根结线虫进行杀虫活性筛选,并利用温室盆栽番茄实验和番茄田间试验对筛选出的制剂进行防治效果验证。室内生测验证实验表明,有4株芽孢杆菌发酵液和山杏壳木醋液对南方根结线虫有较好的毒杀作用。菌株XYG169发酵液对线虫校正死亡率为84.9%;菌株BMT295发酵液对线虫校正死亡率为100%;菌株BMT256发酵液对线虫校正死亡率为97.9%;菌株YLT74发酵液对线虫校正死亡率为80.7%。山杏壳木醋液稀释100、200、400、600倍和800倍溶液的线虫校正死亡率分别为100%、100%、92.8%、65.4%和42.5%。盆栽实验表明BMT295粉剂4g+山杏壳木醋液300倍液处理防效最好,相对防效为74.00%。田间试验表明BMT295粉剂+山杏壳木醋液300倍液处理对南方根结线虫防治效果最好,其相对防效为64.54%,该结论与盆栽实验结论一致。综合室内生测实验、盆栽实验和田间试验结果,BMT295粉剂和山杏壳木醋液联合使用防治效果显著,可以作为生物杀线虫剂进一步在田间试验推广。     

采自烟台市的南方根结线虫的描述

在烟台市西沙旺苗圃内的剑麻Agaverigida上发现一种根结线虫 ,经鉴定为南方根结线虫Meloidogyneincognita。该种根结线虫的主要鉴定特征为雌虫口针的基部球横向宽 ,背食道腺开口到口针基部球的距离近 ,会阴花纹多数呈六边形 ,背弓中等到高 ,多为方形 ,背线平滑或稍有波浪 ,侧线不明显。雄虫头冠前缘稍有凹陷 ,口针基球横向宽 ,前缘平或向后斜 ,与基杆界限明显 ,背食道腺开口距口针基球的距离很短。二龄幼虫直肠有的膨大明显 ,但在大多数标本中看不到膨大 ,尾透明末端界限明显或不太明显 ,指状 ,末端钝圆。与南方根结线虫的典型群体相比 ,该群体的雌虫和雄虫的口针都偏小。     

根结线虫卵寄生真菌蜡蚧菌(Lecanicillium lecanii)产生的几丁质酶活性

卵寄生真菌产生的几丁质酶在卵孵化和寄生过程中发挥重要的作用,也是评价寄生线虫真菌生物防治潜力重要的生化指标之一。利用NAG法和pNP法分别测定蜡蚧菌(Lecanicillium lecanii)CFCC84957和CFCC80920菌系的几丁质降解酶系和外切酶活性,CFCC84957菌系接种4～6d含有0.2%胶体几丁质的培养滤液后,几丁质降解酶系到达活性高峰期,而CFCC80920菌系的培养滤液未检测到几丁质降解酶系。2个菌系的培养滤液从第2d开始均能检测到几丁质外切酶活性,CFCC84957和CFCC80920活性出现的最高峰分别在第12d和6d,但是CF-CC84957的活性值约是CFCC80920的4倍(分别为0.51μmol·h-1·ml-1、0.12μmol·h-1·ml-1)。含有0.01%糖基化几丁质的几丁质酶活性电泳检测到1条分子量为48.2kD的蛋白质谱带。     

Spectrum and inheritance of resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla in Rosa multiflora and R. indica

The spectrum and inheritance of resistance to the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla was studied in the diploid species Rosa multiflora and R. indica. The host suitability of seven rose rootstocks, namely five R. multiflora (K2, K1, Floradale, CE63 and CE65) and two R. indica (CE35 and Maroc) clonal accessions, was evaluated using four geographic isolates of M. hapla. Plants grown under greenhouse conditions were tested at high and durable inoculum pressure of nematodes and rated for nematode infestation five months after inoculation on a 0–5 gall index. Different host suitabilities to M. hapla were demonstrated depending on the nematode isolates: in R. multiflora, the clone K2 had a resistant (R) response to all isolates; the clone K1 ranged from intermediate (I) (isolate ‘Canada’) to resistant (other isolates), Floradale was shown to be intermediate, whereas CE63 and CE65 were moderate to good hosts (H). In R. indica, both rootstocks were good to excellent hosts for the isolate Canada but resistant to all three other isolates, thus expressing an isolate‐specific resistance. A study on the genetics of resistance in R. multiflora to the M. hapla isolate Canada was then conducted using an incomplete diallel cross involving all previous clones except Floradale. A total of 120 hybrid individuals belonging to several progenies representing the cross combinations R × I, R × H, I × H and H × H were evaluated. Individuals of each progeny generally ranged into a monomodal distribution that suggests polygenic inheritance of resistance. In the family Rosaceae, the differences in the resistance genetics to the meiotic species M. hapla and to the mitotic species, M. arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica are discussed in relation to the reproductive status of the nematodes.     

Influence of irrigation on the distribution and control of the nematode Meloidogyne javanica by the biocontrol bacterium Pasteuria penetrans in the field

Pasteuria penetrans, a bacterial parasite of plant-parasitic nematodes, is used to control root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. populations in vegetable crops. But its efficiency is variable, mostly because of the patchy distribution of the bacteria in arable fields. As the infective P. penetrans are non-motile bacteria in soil, abiotic soil factors can affect the bacteria–nematode relationships. An epidemiological study, conducted in a vegetable field, showed that abiotic factors such as irrigation, soil water holding capacity and texture, affected the efficiency of P. penetrans. A correspondence analysis between these abiotic factors and the density of P. penetrans spores in the soil, and the proportion of Meloidogyne javanica juveniles infected by the bacteria, revealed that irrigation affected directly the distribution of the spores in soil pores related to their passive transport by water flow. Laboratory experiments conducted on the passive transport of spores confirmed that intensive irrigation leached the spores down the soil profile and decreased the percentage of infected Meloidogyne juveniles.     

根结线虫三种天敌真菌生物学特性的研究

淡紫拟青霉（Paecilomyces lilacinus)寄生南方根结线虫卵90%,厚壁轮枝霉（Verticillium chlamydosporium）寄生卵85%,节丛孢菌（Arthrobotrys sp.）捕食二龄幼虫达65%。采用常规方法,研究了三种真菌的生物学特性。淡紫拟青霉最适培养温度为30℃;厚壁轮枝霉为25℃,节丛孢菌亦为25℃;在麦粒上生长最好;三种真菌撮适pH值为6～8。     

万强对花生根结线虫发育的影响及防治效果

利用室内培养和盆栽试验的方法，研究了万强对花生根结线虫（Ｍｅｌｏｉｄｏｇｙｍｅａｒｅｎａｒｉａ）发育的影响，结果表明：万强对胚胎发育无明显影响，但能延缓孵化时间，减慢线虫胚后发育的速度，减低雌虫的比例。田间小区试验表明：万强有减少土中２龄幼虫数量的作用，并有显著的防病增产效果。增产幅度为１９．６６％～２４．８３％。     

根结线虫属一新种─—海南根结线虫

在海南省琼中县水稻根上，发现根结线虫属新种海南根结线虫Ｍｅｌｏｉｄｏｇｙｎｅｈａｉｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．（根结科Ｍｅｌｏｉｄｏｇｙｎｉｄａｅ）．该新种雌虫唇盘与中唇不形成典型的哑铃状结构；会阴花纹结构为卵圆形至圆形，线纹细密，平滑，背纹与腹纹相连，形成同心圆状，尾尖区花纹极细密，成波浪至锯齿状皱褶，且种内会阴花纹形态变异很小，雄虫中唇外缘有缺裂；侧区一般具４条侧线，具网纹饰。２龄幼虫体长，尾长和口针长分别为４８１．９８（４４２．００～５３６．６０）μｍ，６６．８２（５７．２０～７５．４０）μｍ和１２．８２（１０．４０～１５．１０）μｍ；尾渐细，尖削。雌虫酯酶Ｒ１＝０．３６，属ＶＳＩ表型。它主要寄生水稻和小麦。