4种药剂对豇豆根结线虫病的防治效果

为了更好地防治豇豆根结线虫病,对4种杀线虫剂进行了田间防效评价试验。结果表明,供试的4种药剂均对豇豆根结线虫有一定的防效,能控制土壤中２龄幼虫的数量和抑制根结的形成,其中10％噻唑膦颗粒剂对豇豆根结线虫的防效最好,具有低残留、持效期长等优点,可作为防治豇豆根结线虫的首选药剂; 其次为５％阿维菌素颗粒剂。同时供试的4种药剂在试验剂量范围内均对豇豆安全,建议在生产上推广应用10％噻唑膦颗粒剂和５％阿维菌素颗粒剂来防治豇豆根结线虫病。     

土壤药剂处理结合阳光消毒防治番茄根结线虫技术评价

为了筛选安全、高效、实用的化学防治技术,对国内外生产的5种杀线虫剂(棉隆、1,3 二氯丙烯·氯化苦、威百亩、噻唑磷、溴甲烷)土壤处理结合阳光消毒防治番茄根结线虫的效果进行了评价。结果表明,使用98%棉隆微粒剂450 kg/hm2或10%噻唑磷颗粒剂30 kg/hm2防治番茄根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita),结合夏季高温进行阳光消毒,能有效地降低番茄根结线虫的数量,减轻根结线虫的危害程度,节省农户的生产成本,提高番茄的产量和农户的经济效益,是夏季防治番茄根结线虫的有效措施。     

阿维菌素和硫线磷对南方根结线虫的毒力

利用阿维菌素和硫线磷处理南方根结线虫离体卵与幼虫,测试其对线虫卵和卵块孵化以及对2龄幼虫的致死作用、活动能力、侵入能力的影响。结果表明阿维菌素和硫线磷均对线虫卵和卵块的孵化表现很强的抑制作用,阿维菌素5 μg/mL处理24 h对卵孵化抑制率高达82.57%,而硫线磷40 μg/mL处理24 h对卵孵化抑制率为73.05%;阿维菌素和硫线磷处理48 h对2龄幼虫的LD50分别为7.346 1、13.345 6 μg/mL;在阿维菌素2 μg/mL和硫线磷3 μg/mL处理中,2龄幼虫在沙柱中的平均移动距离仅为0.04 cm和0.05 cm,而对照处理的线虫平均移动距离为1.04 cm;在阿维菌素2 μg/mL和硫线磷50 μg/mL处理2龄幼虫48 h后,对番茄根部的侵入率为0.12%和0.45%,而空白对照处理线虫的侵入率达21.85%。     

氟吡菌酰胺不同施药方式对水稻拟禾本科根结线虫的防治效果

为评价41.7%氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂防治水稻拟禾本科根结线虫Meloidogyne graminicola的应用潜力,将氟吡菌酰胺与吡虫啉种衣剂混合后采用种子包衣法及喷洒法研究其对水稻拟禾本科根结线虫的田间防效,并测定了不同施药方法对水稻生长和产量的影响。结果表明,氟吡菌酰胺4.2、8.3、12.5 g（a.i.）/kg种子与吡虫啉18.0 g（a.i.）/kg种子混合包衣处理,播种后35 d其根结抑制率和防效分别为41.0%~51.8%和47.4%~58.6%,土壤中2龄幼虫减退率为38.6%~40.4%,显著高于单施吡虫啉18.0 g（a.i.）/kg种子处理。水稻播种后连续3次以氟吡菌酰胺250.2、375.3、500.4 g（a.i.）/hm²进行土壤喷洒,最后1次施药后7 d,其根结抑制率和防效分别为81.0%~89.9%和65.9%~74.3%,土壤中2龄幼虫减退率为65.4%~73.4%,均显著高于对照药剂克百威1 800.0 g（a.i.）/hm²处理。氟吡菌酰胺各处理对水稻苗期生长均有较好的保护作用,能显著提高千粒重和有效穗数,产量比空白对照增加50.0%~61.2%,保产效果显著。水稻播种后35 d采用氟吡菌酰胺对稻田进行1次喷洒,对水稻具有一定的保护作用,保产效果不明显。表明采用氟吡菌酰胺与吡虫啉混合包衣种子处理及在水稻苗期进行喷洒处理对水稻拟禾本科根结线虫防效显著,具有显著的保产效果。     

盐类对南方根结线虫迁移能力和侵入能力的影响

为探讨无机盐和有机盐对南方根结线虫的作用方式,在室内利用沙柱法和染色法测定了二者对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫迁移能力及侵入番茄根部能力的影响。结果表明,随着各盐处理浓度的增加,南方根结线虫2龄幼虫的迁移能力和侵入能力显著降低。在4μg/m L KSCN、C6H8O7、KCl、KH2PO4、KHCO3和Mn SO4·H2O沙柱中,15 d后2龄幼虫的平均迁移距离最小,分别为0、0.33、0.52、0.53、0.55和0.58 cm,而对照为0.94 cm。2龄幼虫在Ba NO3、K2HPO4、KHCO3、Cs Cl和KSCN各浓度沙柱中的平均迁移距离均小于0.94 cm。2μg/m L NH4NO3、KH2PO4、(NH4)2CO3、Cs Cl、(NH4)2SO4、Na SCN和NH4SCN处理15 d后,2龄幼虫对番茄根部的侵入率最低,分别为1%、2.33%、1.33%、2%、2%、1%和1.67%。表明对2龄幼虫侵入番茄根部抑制效果最明显的盐为NH4NO3、KH2PO4、(NH4)2CO3、Cs Cl、(NH4)2SO4、Na SCN和NH4SCN。     

广东省和海南省象耳豆根结线虫的鉴定

运用线虫比较形态学、结合同工酶、mtDNA-PCR、rDNA-IGS-PCR技术,对采自中国广东和海南2个省的根结线虫进行鉴定.在海南省定安的木豆(Cajanus cajan)、海南省海口的木豆和番石榴(Psidium guaja-va)、广东省番禺的辣椒(Capsicum annuum)和南瓜(Cucrbita mosechata)及广东省遂溪的豇豆(Vigna sinensis)上发现象有耳豆根结线虫(Meloidogyne enterolobii).这是首次在海南省外发现象耳豆根结线虫,同时还发现该线虫的2个新寄主,即木豆和南瓜.     

天敌互作对乌桕生长及生物量的影响

通过比较地上广食性斜纹夜蛾、专食性癞皮夜蛾与南方根结线虫互作对乌桕生长及生物量的影响,分析不同空间天敌间的作用关系及植物的响应策略。结果表明：无南方根结线虫情况下,2种地上天敌显著降低了乌桕地径,且癞皮夜蛾处理组乌桕株高显著低于对照组;而有南方根结线虫情况下,地上天敌处理对乌桕地径、株高的影响无显著差异;南方根结线虫显著增加了癞皮夜蛾处理组乌桕地上生物量和总生物量。因此,南方根结线虫与癞皮夜蛾间形成了一种拮抗效应,从而对乌桕生长及生物量产生了加性效应,而这种效应在南方根结线虫与斜纹夜蛾间并不显著。     

一种植物新病害——通关藤根结线虫病鉴定

2013年在云南省蒙自市水田乡采集到的通关藤[Marsdenia tenacissima（Roxb.）Wight et Am] 样品中,发现其感染根结线虫病。对发病植株进行症状的观察与描述,同时根据线虫各虫态形态、雌虫会阴花纹观察,酯酶和苹果酸脱氢酶电泳检测及SCAR分析,对病原进行了鉴定。感病植株地上部叶片发黄,植株矮小;地下部根部分肿大,形成根结。通过鉴定得出该病的的病原为南方根结线虫[Meloidogyne incognita（Kofoid and White,1919）Chitwood,1949]。这是首次在通关藤上发现根结线虫病。     

Pattern of damage to early and late maize in southwestern Nigeria by the village weaverbird (Ploceus cucullatus)

Abstract

Village weaverbirds (Ploceus cucullatus Muller) normally feed on early maize in the morning (0800 to 1100 h) and evening (1600 to 1800 h) in southwestern Nigeria. However, when disturbed the birds feed during all the hours of daylight, and to be effective bird scaring would have to persist throughout the day. Developing grains are eaten, but rarely dry grains. The period of active bird scaring can therefore be reduced to about two weeks. In 1977 the mean percentage damage varied from 2.2 ± 0.3% in plots with dry ears to 34.1 ± 12.7% in plots with fresh ears, but in 1978 the situation was reversed with 17.7 ± 3.1% damage in plots with dry ears to 1.1 ± 0.2% in plots with fresh ears. The pattern of damage to early maize is associated with the annual rainfall, which determines the occurrence of lepidopterous larvae and wild sorghum (Sorghum arundicearum Stapf) which form alternative food items for the birds. Less than 2% of late maize ears was damaged since alternative food resources were abundant. Only early maize may need protecting from bird damage, but there was no definite relationship between time of planting and amount of damage caused.     

Control of tomato bacterial wilt and root-knot diseases by Bacillus thuringiensis CR-371 and Streptomyces avermectinius NBRC14893

Ralstonia solanacearum and Meloidogyne incognita are two soilborne pathogens that cause serious damage and great losses in the production of tomato. For this purpose, a bacterial isolate, Bacillus thuringiensis CR-371, and an actinomyces isolate, Streptomyces avermectinius NBRC14893, were examined for their ability to protect tomato from root-knot nematode and bacterial wilt diseases under glasshouse conditions. Treatment of tomato roots with B. thuringiensis CR-371 and S. avermectinius NBRC14893 followed by challenge inoculation with R. solanacearum and M. incognita significantly decreased disease severity of bacterial wilt alone, root-knot nematode alone, or mixed infection by both pathogens compared to the control. Furthermore, pretreatment of tomato roots with B. thuringiensis CR-371 and S. avermectinius NBRC14893 significantly reduced bacterial proliferation of R. solanacearum both in pathogen alone inoculated plants and in plants co-inoculated with R. solanacearum and M. incognita. In conclusion, our results suggest that the treatment of tomato roots with B. thuringiensis CR-371 and S. avermectinius NBRC14893 simultaneously suppresses bacterial wilt and root-knot nematode diseases. Therefore, B. thuringiensis CR-371 and S. avermectinius NBRC14893 could provide new options for integrated pest management strategies against plant diseases, especially against bacterial-nematode disease complexes that cause synergistic yield losses.