Fyzs12发酵粗提液的杀线虫活性测定*

 Fyzs12是一种具有杀根结线虫活性的镰孢霉(Fusarium sp.)菌株，该菌的发酵粗提液12h内对爪哇根结线虫（Meloidogyne javanica）二龄幼虫的致死率达87%，并能使线虫的体腔内含物发生消解，同时产生液泡；对爪哇根结线虫卵的孵化有抑制作用。将发酵粗提液稀释到60%时，仍具有原液的杀线虫效果；经过121℃处理25min后，杀线虫效果仍与原液相当，热稳定性好。初步表明该菌有良好的杀线虫作用，具有广阔的应用前景和开发价值。     

Management of nematodes and a stalk borer by increasing within-field sugarcane cultivar diversity

The aim of this study was to determine whether an increase in plant diversity could modify the structure of the nematode community in favour of less pathogenic species and whether it affected the lepidopteran stalk borer, Eldana saccharina . Four sugarcane cultivars were planted either singly or as a mixture in the furrow. Nematodes were enumerated when the crops were 6 months old for five successive 10 to 13 month old crop cycles. Results showed that the mixture of cultivars had little significant impact on the overall abundance of the plant-parasitic or free-living nematodes. However, the nematode community structure within the mixture was slightly different to that observed on any single cultivar planted on its own and there was a higher than expected proportion of Helicotylenchus dihystera during the first three crops. With successive crops and in all treatments, there was an overall trend of increasing proportions of Meloidogyne javanica in the nematode community. However, the way that the change in the species-balance occurred in the mixed cultivar plots suggested a resistance to the evolving dominance of M. javanica . These results showed that sugarcane cultivars interacted within the rhizosphere when planted in a mixture because the observed nematode community in the mixture differed from that expected. The level of damage caused by E. saccharina was slightly lower in the mixture than expected from the actual cultivar composition.     

巴拉那根结线虫的鉴定及生物学特性

巴拉那根结线虫(Meloidogyne paranaensis)是咖啡上最具有毁灭性的根结线虫之一,可造成咖啡减产高达50%,目前主要发生在巴西、危地马拉和墨西哥,我国没有分布。本文介绍了巴拉那根结线虫的形态鉴定特征和生物学特性等内容。     

拮抗南方根结线虫PKS基因的筛选及活性评价

土壤环境中蕴藏着巨大的微生物资源,而99%的土壤微生物不能用传统的纯培养。本研究基于西藏米拉山高寒草甸土壤微生物宏基因组Fosmid文库,采用PCR方法从文库中筛选PKS基因,以南方根结线虫(Meloido-gyne incognita)为靶标测定其杀线活性,并验证温室盆栽防效。从Fosmid文库中筛选得到2个含PKS基因的克隆K99和K82。K99属于Ⅰ型PKS,K82属于杂合PKS/NRPS;K99发酵液、热处理发酵液浸泡南方根结线虫J2 12 h后,杀线活性为100%。温室盆栽防效结果表明,K99的发酵菌液对南方根结线虫的防效为89%。K99能产生一种外分泌有杀线活性的物质,其热稳定性好,具有重要的开发利用价值。     

木醋液的杀线活性及对根结线虫病的防治效果研究

 【目的】初步探究木醋液对根结线虫2龄幼虫的抑制作用,以及木醋液及其配剂对根结线虫病的田间防治效果。【方法】采用浸渍法测定不同稀释浓度的木醋液对根结线虫2龄幼虫抑制作用,根据实验室测定结果设计小区试验,进行木醋液及其配剂对石榴根结线虫病、番茄根结线虫病的大田防治。【结果】不同稀释浓度的木醋液对4种常见根结线虫的2龄幼虫均有抑制作用,随着稀释倍数的增加,抑制作用减小。木醋液稀释浓度为150倍处理72 h时,北方根结线虫、花生根结线虫、南方根结线虫、爪哇根结线虫的校正死亡率分别达到了76.3%、78.４%、77.9%和72.2%。木醋液和木醋液配剂对石榴根结线虫病有较好的防治效果,防治效果分别达到了63.9%和50.5%。木醋液和木醋液配剂对番茄根结线虫病的防治效果,寻甸分别为54.1%和28.6%,个旧的为27.8%和19.6%。【结论】初步证明木醋液对根结线虫2龄幼虫有抑制作用,对石榴根结线虫病和番茄根结线虫病有防治效果,对防治根结线虫病有研究价值、应用价值和开发前景。     

辣椒抗根结线虫基因Me3的精细定位

 以含Me3基因的抗根结线虫辣椒自交系‘HDA149’为父本,感根结线虫辣椒自交系‘8214’为母本,构建了一个2 133株的F2作图群体。采用群体分离分析法（Bulked Segregant Analysis,BSA）,构建抗、感病两个DNA池,对由两亲本筛选出来的285对引物进行扩增分析,发现引物SSCP_B322和EPMS658在抗、感池间具有稳定的多态性。继续用这两对引物对F2单株进行扩增,以JoinMap 3.0软件分析发现SSCP_B322和EPMS658标记位于Me3基因两侧,遗传图距分别为0.56 cM和1.33 cM。运用回交群体BC1和F3群体验证实了这两个标记,可有效用于辣椒抗线虫分子标记辅助育种,也为图位克隆Me3基因奠定了基础。     

甲胺基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对南方根结线虫的毒力、防效及安全性研究

选用02%高渗甲胺基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(甲维盐)和18%阿维菌素对南方根结线虫进行室内毒力测定和盆钵药效试验.室内毒力测定结果显示:甲维盐对南方根结线虫二龄幼虫(J2)的毒力高于阿维菌素,甲维盐和阿维菌素的LC50值分别为0164 5、0453 2 mg·L-1.盆钵药效试验结果显示:甲维盐500倍液、1 000倍液对南方根结线虫病的相对防效为9367%、7969%,与阿维菌素防效相当,且甲维盐能显著抑制根结和卵块的产生.安全性测定结果显示:甲维盐各处理浓度对番茄生长均没有不良影响.表明:甲维盐可与阿维菌素交替应用于防治南方根结线虫病.     

万强对花生根结线虫发育的影响及防治效果

利用室内培养和盆栽试验的方法，研究了万强对花生根结线虫（Ｍｅｌｏｉｄｏｇｙｍｅａｒｅｎａｒｉａ）发育的影响，结果表明：万强对胚胎发育无明显影响，但能延缓孵化时间，减慢线虫胚后发育的速度，减低雌虫的比例。田间小区试验表明：万强有减少土中２龄幼虫数量的作用，并有显著的防病增产效果。增产幅度为１９．６６％～２４．８３％。     

0.5％阿维菌素颗粒剂对胡椒南方根结线虫的田间防治效果

[目的]明确0.5％阿维菌素颗粒剂对胡椒南方根结线虫的防治效果和使用剂量,为其防治提供参考.[方法]采用田间药效试验研究0.5％阿维菌素颗粒剂对胡椒南方根结线虫的防治效果.[结果]0.5％阿维菌素颗粒剂使用量为60～ 75 kg/hm2,每株叶冠垂直地面根际挖15 ～30 cm深环形沟撒施,对胡椒南方根结线虫具有较好的防治效果,施药后40d的防治效果为74.84％ ～ 83.83％,持效期较短,且在试验剂量范围内对作物安全.[结论]该制剂可在胡椒上推广应用.     

Distribution analyses of Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus coffeae sensu lato in coffee plots in Costa Rica and Guatemala

The distribution of the plant-parasitic nematodes Pratylenchus coffeae sensu lato and Meloidogyne spp. were studied in two plots, one in Guatemala ( P. coffeae and M. paranaensis ) and the other in Costa Rica ( P. coffeae and M. exigua ). The quantity of nematodes per g fresh weight root were counted for each coffee tree sampled. The distributions were aggregated, and generally fitted well to negative binomial distributions. Population aggregation was greater when a smaller number of nematodes were involved, suggesting that initial colonization develops in foci. Analyses of the relationships between population levels of the species suggested that there was competition between Pratylenchus coffeae and Meloidogyne spp. This competition was expressed differently depending on the relative population density of the different species.