施肥对三江源区高寒草甸草场地上生物量的影响

在三江源区高寒草甸草场进行施肥试验,以确定不同施肥时期、不同施肥量对天然草地牧草产量（干重）的影响。结果表明：施肥可大幅度提高牧草产量,且因施肥量及施肥时期的不同,牧草产量差异大。施肥时间和施肥量间存在着交互作用,两者共同作用于牧草产量。由两年的数据可知,随着施肥时间的逐渐后移,氮肥对牧草的增产作用逐步降低,牧草产量（干重）呈下降趋势;3个不同施肥量处理的牧草产量分别比不施肥的增加138.65%、161.72%和122.51%,施肥量在0~450kg/hm2区间内,牧草产量变化呈抛物线型。通过综合比较分析,三江源区高寒草甸最佳施肥时间是6月10~25日间,最佳施肥量（尿素）为150~300kg/hm2具有较高的牧草产量和低施肥成本。     

苜蓿花期调控与传粉效率的研究

针对苜蓿花期与昆虫活动不遇的问题,通过刈割进行花期调控,以提高初花期及盛花初期的传粉效率,并探讨对种子产量及构成因素的影响.结果显示:刈割后苜蓿的花期明显推迟,传粉效率显著提高,其中访花频次由原来的23次/10m2·d提高到刈割后的180次/10m2·d;在初花期及盛花初期标记的花序结荚率及荚内种子粒数分别由对照的(17.12±2.83)%和(3.94±0.31)粒提高到刈割后的(84.1±1.21)%和(5.31±0.22)粒;整个花期的平均结荚率/花序由刈割前的43.77%增加到刈割后的59.43%;刈割后的苜蓿种子产量与各构成因素的相关性依次为:花序数/枝＞荚果数/枝＞荚内种子粒数＞结荚率/花序＞分枝数＞单花数/花序.对种子产量与构成因素进行多元回归分析,单枝条产量(Y)与花序数/枝(X1)、结荚率/花序(X2)具有真实回归关系Y=-1.735+0.034 X1+0.036 X2(R=0.788).在该地区确定适宜的刈割时间可明显推迟花期,提高种子产量.合理的刈割时间是在花期得到推迟的情况下,使生育期尽可能长.     

Influence of fioret position and flowering time on seed set and thousand seed weight of Ceratoides arborescens

本研究对华北驼绒藜（Ceratoides arborescens）生长4年和生长8年居群不同冠层、株丛上主枝和一级侧枝,以及不同花期花的结实率和种子千粒重进行了测定和分析。结果显示,1）株龄较小的植株结实率较高,所结种子千粒重较大,可能与年龄小的植株分枝少,养分集中有关。2）结实与花在花序上的位置有关。无论在主枝条上还是在侧枝上,先开花的部位结实率高,种子千粒重也较大。3）对整个居群来说,冠层的中层结实率最高,种子千粒重最大,冠层下层结实率和种子千粒重最小。4）盛花期开的花结实率高,种子千粒重也大,末花期次之,始花期花的结实率最低,种子千粒重也最小。     

中国北方草原草畜代谢能平衡分析与对策研究

 草畜平衡是天然草地可持续利用和放牧家畜高效生产的前提,草畜平衡评估技术是实现草原保护,提高草地畜牧业可持续发展的基础。本研究建立了以代谢能为指标的草畜平衡评价方法,２００８年冬以甘肃肃南草原和典型牧户为研究对象,通过草畜代谢能平衡分析了草畜平衡现状,应用研究试验,验证了实现草畜平衡的优化途径和对策。草畜平衡分析结果表明,在牧草生长期（６月－１０月）家畜获得的代谢能高于家畜的维持需要,因此,家畜体重增加,生长速度最快;在枯草期（１１月－次年５月）代谢能摄入量低于维持需要量,家畜掉膘,体重下降,夏草场的载畜量最大。冬季暖棚舍饲养殖能够降低家畜的代谢能需要,有助于实现草畜平衡。与对照组相比,暖棚养殖绵羊平均产毛量显著提高（P＜０．０５）,提高了０．７３ｋｇ／只,冷季体重损失减少１４．９％,纯收入增加１２６．２５元／只。产羔时间对草畜平衡具显著的影响,适当推迟产羔时间能够有效的改善草畜平衡状况。分别测定了４月和５月所产羔羊的生长发育情况和母羊体况,５月羔羊平均初生重、１月龄、２月龄体重显著高于４月份羔羊（P＜０．０５）,但由于生长期短,５月羔羊出栏重较４月低４～５ｋｇ。草畜代谢能平衡是分析研究草畜平衡的科学、合理和准确的方法和技术,草畜代谢能平衡分析模型的准确度高,适用性强,有利于草原管理,所提出的改善草畜平衡的途径和策略可 行性高。     

蜜蜂畸翅病毒SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为建立蜜蜂畸翅病毒SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法,通过构建蜜蜂畸翅病毒(DWV)RDRP基因部分序列的标准质粒作为模板,进行了标准曲线的建立,并对所建立方法进行了特异性和灵敏度测试。结果表明:所建立的荧光定量RT-PCR扩增效率E=100%,R2=0.999,最低检出量为100个拷贝;该方法仅能检出DWV病毒,而不能检测出蜜蜂黑王台病毒、囊状幼虫病毒,具有很好的特异性。表明已成功建立了特异灵敏的DWV实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法。采用所建方法对昆明部分蜂场进行了DWV感染状况调查,结果表明昆明地区东方蜜蜂带毒率为54%,提示DWV病毒在昆明地区东方蜜蜂中存在流行。     

TTC法测定嵩草种子生活力的适宜条件研究

在不同温度（２０℃,２５℃,３０℃,３５℃,４０℃,４５℃）,不同ＴＴＣ浓度（０．１％,０．２％,０．３％,０．４％,０．５％,０．６％）下,在０～１２ｈ内测定了线叶嵩草种子生活力的适宜条件。结果表明：在３５℃的温度、０．１％的ＴＴＣ浓度和３ｈ的染色时间下,可获得最佳染色效果,可作为线叶嵩草种子生活力测定的适宜条件。     

A REVIEW OF NONCONVENTIONAL ULTRASOUND TECHNIQUES AND CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF NONCARDIAC CANINE DISORDERS

Modern ultrasound contrast media are gas-containing stabilized microbubbles that remain intact in the circulating blood for several minutes after intravenous injection and increase the intensity of the backscattered ultrasound. When the microbubbles disappear from the blood, they can be detected in the parenchyma of the liver and the spleen for about 30 more minutes (late liver- and spleen-specific phase). The insonated microbubbles produce second harmonic ultrasound frequencies, whose detection requires nonconventional ultrasound modalities such as pulsed inversion imaging. Nonconventional ultrasound techniques can also be used without microbubbles because second harmonics can be generated by ultrasound in tissues as well. The physical principles and advantages of nonconventional ultrasound techniques are described. The circulating microbubbles can be used not only to enhance weak Doppler signals, but also to perform dynamic contrast studies. Contrast-enhanced dynamic ultrasound studies--similar to contrast-enhanced CT and MRI examinations--have been used in humans to characterize lesions noninvasively (i.e., without biopsies) found during conventional ultrasound examinations. To map the distribution of contrast medium in a nodule or in an organ, specific scanning techniques such as stimulated acoustic emission have been developed. Stimulated acoustic emission occurs when high acoustic pressure ultrasonic waves disrupt the stationary or slowly moving microbubbles. This results in the release of a large amount of harmonic ultrasound frequencies. When the stimulated acoustic emission technique is used for dynamic studies, scanning must be interrupted several times to allow the microvasculature of the lesion to refill with microbubbles (interval delay imaging). The contrast patterns of malignant and benign hepatic nodules in humans have been the most intensively studied. Another type of dynamic study in humans measures the transit time of the contrast medium; that is, how fast the peripherally injected microbubbles reach the hepatic veins. Hepatic cirrhosis can be differentiated from other diffuse parenchymal liver diseases by a shorter transit time. Introducing nonconventional ultrasound techniques and ultrasound contrast media in veterinary diagnostic imaging may have potential value; however, intensive research should be carried out before ultrasound contrast agents can routinely be used in clinical practice.     

Effect of delaying the time of insemination with sex-sorted semen on pregnancy rate in Holstein heifers

The objective of the study was to evaluate the interval from onset of oestrus to time of artificial insemination (AI) to obtain the optimum pregnancy rate with sex-sorted semen in Holstein heifers. Heifers in oestrus were detected and inseminated only by using heat–rumination neck collar comprised electronic identification tag at the age of 13–14 months. Heifers (n = 283) were randomly assigned to one of three groups according to the timing of insemination at 12–16 hr (G1, n = 97), at 16.1–20 hr (G2, n = 94) and at 20.1–24 hr (G3, n = 92) after reaching the activity threshold. The mean duration of oestrus was 18.6 ± 0.1 hr, and mean peak activity was found at 7.5 ± 0.1 hr after activity threshold. The mean interval from activity threshold to ovulation was 29.4 ± 0.4 hr. The overall pregnancy per AI (P/AI) was 53.0% at 29–35 days and 50.9% at 60–66 days after AI. There was a significant reduction between G1 (13.8 ± 1.4 hr) and G3 (7.9 ± 1.4 hr) related to the intervals from AI to ovulation time. Sex-sorted semen resulted in significantly higher P/AI at 29–35 days when heifers inseminated in G3 (60.9%) after oestrus than those inseminated in G1 (49.5%) and G2 (48.9%). In terms of fertility, when the temperature–humidity index (THI) was below the threshold value (THI ≤65) at the time of AI, there was a tendency (≤65; 57.2% vs. > 65; 47.1%) for high pregnancy rate. There was no effect of sire on P/AI. In addition, the interaction of the technician with the time of AI was found significant, and three-way interaction of technician, sire and time of AI was tended to be significant on pregnancy rate. Thus, in addition to delaying the time of insemination (between 20.1 and 24 hr) after oestrous detection, THI and experienced technician were also found to be critical factors in increasing fertility with the use of sex-sorted semen in Holstein heifers.     

草原蝗虫空间格局及其抽样技术的研究

根据改进的m*=α′ β′m γm2模型和聚集度指标,研究了草原混合种群的空间分布.结果表明,蝻期蝗虫呈聚集分布,在聚集的个体群内,个体间是相互排斥的.成虫期分布的基本成分是个体群,个体间相互吸引,而个体群的分布是均匀的.以聚集度(m*/m)的时序动态表明,蝗蝻初期呈均匀分布,盛期呈聚集分布,成虫期为均匀分布.在测报和防治中,混合种群的理论抽样数为20～40个样点.     

优质牦牛肉肉质的综合评价

2000-2002年对大通牛场40头6月龄不同性别的全哺乳牦牛的肉质进行了综合评价。对供试牦牛肌肉pH、嫩度、肌纤维细度、系水率、肉的贮存损失、肉的煮熟时间、熟肉率和烹饪损失率及肉色等进行了评价，分析了肌肉的化学成分，氨基酸及微量元素含量。结果表明该牦牛肉系水率强，肉的煮熟时间短，肉的贮存损失及烹饪损失较小，肌纤维较细，肉色深红。并具有蛋白质含量高，脂肪含量低及富含各种氨基酸的特点。