Genetic basis of seedling-resistance to leaf rust in bread wheat 'Thatcher'

The bread wheat cultivar ‘Thatcher’ is documented to carry the gene Lr22b for adult‐plant resistance to leaf rust. Seedling‐resistance to leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina in the bread wheat cultivar ‘Thatcher’, the background parent of the near‐isogenic lines for leaf rust resistance genes in wheat, is rare and no published information could be found on its genetic basis. The F₂ and F₃ analysis of the cross ‘Agra Local’ (susceptible) × ‘Thatcher’ showed that an apparently incompletely dominant gene conditioned seedling‐resistance in ‘Thatcher’ to the three ‘Thatcher’‐avirulent Indian leaf rust pathotypes – 0R8, 0R8‐1 and 0R9. Test of allelism revealed that this gene (temporarily designated LrKr1) was derived from ‘Kanred’, one of the parents of ‘Thatcher’. Absence of any susceptible F₂ segregants in a ‘Thatcher’ × ‘Marquis’ cross confirmed that an additional gene (temporarily designated LrMq1) derived from ‘Marquis’, another parent of ‘Thatcher’, was effective against pathotype 0R9 alone. These two genes as well as a second gene in ‘Kanred’ (temporarily designated LrKr2), which was effective against all the three pathotypes, but has not been inherited by ‘Thatcher’, seem to be novel, undocumented leaf rust resistance genes.     

Regional phenotypic diversity of Puccinia triticina and wheat host resistance in western Europe, 1995

Pathogenicity data from surveys of Puccinia triticina (formerly P. recondita f. sp. tritici) conducted in western Europe in 1995 were analysed to compare the structure of regional populations of the pathogen. Many of the populations differed in phenotypic diversity and pathotypic composition, even though they occurred within a single epidemiological unit, suggesting that local factors may influence the establishment and propagation of individual pathotypes in the regional populations. Neighbouring regions were more similar than distant regions, and all regions shared at least one pathotype, except populations in northern Italy and Scotland. A high degree of similarity was found between populations in northern France and Great Britain, providing strong evidence of free movement of inoculum between these regions. Resistance genes were postulated for a selection of 91 wheat cultivars, representing those most commonly grown in western Europe in 1995. Thirteen cultivars lacked detectable seedling resistance genes and the remaining 78 possessed from one to three resistance genes; those detected were Lr1, Lr3a, Lr10, Lr13, Lr14a, Lr17b, Lr20, Lr26 and Lr37. The most commonly detected resistance gene was Lr13, which was present singly or in combination with other resistance genes in 48 cultivars (53%). The gene Lr14a was detected in 18 cultivars, Lr26 was present in 16 cultivars. The role of host selection in the composition of the regional populations of P. triticina in western Europe in 1995 was difficult to assess on the basis of the results obtained, since virulence data were not available for Lr13 and Lr14a. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Allelic variation at the dwarfing gene Rht8 locus and its significance in international breeding programmes

A microsatellite marker WMS261 developed at I.P.K., Gatersleben,Germany, co-segregates with the semi-dwarfing gene Rht8. Screens ofover 800 wheat varieties from 20 countries show 90% carry WMS-261alleles with 165, 174 or 192 base pairs (bp). The 192bp allele diagnosticof Rht8 occurs in most screened Southern European varieties. Anallele with 165 bp occurs in the majority of CIMMYT Mexican varieties andin most varieties bred in countries that utilize CIMMYT germplasm.Agronomic studies of single chromosome recombinant line mappingpopulations segregating for WMS 261 alleles with 165, 174 or 192 bp,show compared to the 174bp allele the 192bp allele reduces height byaround 8 cm and the 165 bp allele increases height by around 3cm. Theresults indicate the importance and widespread utilization of Rht8 asa dwarfing gene in southern Europe and suggest an adaptative significanceto the height promoting 165 bp allele in CIMMYT material.     

玉米产量性状主基因-多基因遗传效应的初步研究

利用主基因 -多基因遗传模型 ,以玉米杂交组合农大 3138的P1,P2 ,F1和F2∶3 家系为材料 ,联合分析了玉米产量性状的遗传效应。结果表明 :穗长、穗粗、穗重和单株粒重是由多基因模型控制 ;行粒数和千粒重检测到 1对完全显性主基因 ,穗行数和秃顶长存在 2对主效基因 ,而且穗行数的 2对主效基因之间存在互作效应。同时对不同方法计算出来的遗传率作了比较 ,认为存在主效基因的性状遗传率偏低的原因是由于基因的显性作用所致。讨论了不同产量性状的育种对策     

玉米茎秆糖含量的遗传模式分析

较高的茎秆糖含量有助于提高青贮玉米的饲料品质和适口性,本研究以YXD053和98A-04两个高茎秆糖含量玉米自交系为母本,Y6-1低茎秆糖含量玉米自交系为父本,通过自交、杂交及回交产生2个组合的6个世代(P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂、BC₁和BC₂);运用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型6个世代联合分析方法,探明控制玉米茎秆糖含量的遗传模型,并进行遗传参数估计。结果表明,玉米茎秆糖含量遗传受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因共同控制。YXD053×Y6-1及98A-04×Y6-1两个组合的主基因遗传率分别为53.50%和52.63%,多基因遗传率分别为7.96%和17.31%,总遗传率分别为61.46%和69.94%,显性度(h/d)均小于1。茎秆糖含量以主基因遗传为主,且主基因又以加性效应为主,但环境因素对茎秆糖含量的遗传有一定的影响。这一研究结果为玉米茎秆糖含量性状的基因定位和育种选择提供了理论依据。     

尖孢镰刀菌专化型及生理小种分子检测研究进展

摘 要：尖孢镰刀菌分子检测工作在枯萎病病原菌分子诊断与防治中具有重要意义。本文综述了DNA分子标记、毒性基因和转座子等技术在尖孢镰刀菌专化型及其生理小种鉴别方面的应用,指出了各检测方法优缺点,并对今后的研究方向进行展望。     

大白菜抗根肿病基因位点CRa和CRb的分子标记鉴定

利用大白菜抗根肿病基因CRa和CRb分子标记(SC2930和KBr H129J18R)引物组,对78份大白菜材料进行抗根肿病分子标记鉴定。结果表明,在这78份材料中,有34份材料含有SC2930-T(CRa抗病标记)标记,其中杂合抗病位点材料17份,纯合抗病位点材料17份。有37份材料含有KBr H129J18R抗病标记,其中纯合抗病位点材料15份,杂合抗病位点材料22份。有20份材料不含有CRa和CRb所对应的抗病标记,23份材料含有2个抗病标记。该研究初步明确了78份参试大白菜材料所含抗根肿病基因CRa和CRb类型,为大白菜抗根肿病育种提供材料选择依据。     

四倍体小麦矮秆基因的赤霉素敏感性及对农艺性状的影响

为明确四倍体小麦矮秆基因Rht14、Rht16和Rht18的赤霉素敏感性及其对小麦农艺性状的影响,促进这些矮秆基因的合理利用。选用分别含有Rht14、Rht16和Rht18的四倍体小麦近等基因系ANW16D(Rht14)、ANW16F(Rht16)、ANW16G(Rht18)及其高秆轮回亲本LD222以及六倍体小麦中国春(Chinese spring),测量其不同浓度GA3处理下小麦的株高,计算赤霉素敏感系数(GRI)并推断3种矮秆小麦的赤霉素反应类型。在成熟期对LD222近等基因系小麦的农艺性状如株高、穗长、主穗穗下第一茎节(P-1)节间长、节间表皮细胞、种子表皮细胞及种子体积等进行测量,分析Rht14、Rht16、Rht18这3个矮秆基因对小麦这些农艺性状的效应。结果表明,ANW16D、ANW16F和ANW16G这3个矮秆小麦株高恢复到正常LD222株高的最适GA3浓度为10-4mol/L;3个矮秆品种均为赤霉素敏感型且敏感性大小为中国春ANW16GANW16FANW16DLD222;Rht14、Rht16、Rht18均是通过降低主穗穗下第一茎节(P-1)节间长度来使小麦株高降低,降低效应为Rht18Rht16Rht14;它们降低小麦株高的根本原因均是缩短了小麦节间表皮细胞长度且缩短效应与降低株高效应一致;3个矮秆基因均在降低小麦株高的同时不影响种子的体积。     

中国黄淮海地区小麦品种抗寒性及其与VRN1基因型的关系

冬季冻害是当前小麦生产面临的主要自然灾害之一。以我国黄淮海地区近年主栽的71个小麦品种为材料,通过对其抗寒性调查和VRN-A1、VRN-B1、VRN-D1位点基因型的分子标记鉴定,研究小麦抗寒性的生物学基础,探讨VRN1基因在小麦抗寒性中的作用。结果表明,小麦的抗寒性与其他抗逆性状相关联,生产和国家区域试验证实具有较好抗旱节水、耐盐碱等抗逆特性的品种多具有较强抗寒性。VRN1是小麦抗寒性的关键性遗传调控位点之一,显性基因VRN1的存在会显著降低品种的抗寒性,具有2个或3个VRN1基因的品种一般抗寒性都很弱,而3个位点均为隐性基因是品种具有强抗寒性的必备条件。因此,建议我国黄淮海北部地区应加强选育、推广基因型为vrn-A1vrnB1vrn-D1的品种,以保证小麦安全生产。     

桃芽休眠诱导过程中IAA、ABA含量及PpPINs基因表达的变化

为认识桃芽休眠诱导过程中生理与相关基因表达的变化,分别用HPLC检测‘中农红久保’、‘中农3号’、03-30-035 3个桃品种(系)休眠诱导时期叶片和叶芽IAA和ABA含量,用RT-q PCR检测叶片和叶芽生长素极性运输载体基因Pp PIN1、Pp PIN3、Pp PIN5和Pp PIN8共4个基因的相对表达量。结果表明,在桃芽休眠诱导过程中,叶片IAA含量未见显著变化,ABA含量自10月6日开始升高,至10月16日含量达到高峰;叶芽中10月上中旬IAA含量骤增,而ABA含量逐渐降低。本研究中桃基因组的4个Pp PINs基因家族成员中,叶片中活跃表达为Pp PIN5,其次为Pp PIN3,在10月上中旬Pp PIN5出现强烈表达;而在10月26日,叶芽中活跃表达的Pp PIN1和Pp PIN3表达量骤降。桃休眠诱导过程中叶片和叶芽内内源激素和Pp PINs基因表达量变化明显不同。