规格与盐度对凡纳滨对虾肌肉营养成分的影响

分析测定了海水池塘养殖不同规格(8.3、12.5、16.7g.尾-1)凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)及土池淡水养殖规格12.5g.尾-1凡纳滨对虾肌肉中水分、蛋白质、脂肪、灰分、脂肪酸和氨基酸组成,并进行品质评价。结果显示,海水养殖对虾肌肉的水分、脂肪和虾味氨基酸含量随着对虾规格的增大而减少,蛋白质、灰分、氨基酸、必需氨基酸、半必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸总量随着对虾规格的增大而增加;相同规格的凡纳滨对虾中,淡水养殖对虾的含水量、脂肪含量和不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,蛋白质、灰分、鲜味氨基酸总量和虾味氨基酸偏低。综合指标表明,海水养殖凡纳滨对虾的营养价值随着规格的增大而提高;在蛋白质、灰分、鲜味氨基酸和虾味氨基酸含量上,海水养殖对虾高于同一规格的淡水养殖对虾。     

Dietary magnesium requirement and physiological responses of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in low salinity water

An 8‐week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the dietary magnesium (Mg) requirement and physiological responses of Litopenaeus vannamei in low salinity water of 2 g L^?1. Casein–gelatin‐based diets supplemented with seven levels of Mg (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4 and 8.0 g kg^?1) were fed to juvenile shrimp. Prior to the experiment, the postlarvae were gradually acclimated to the low salinity media and fed with a basal diet (0.5 g Mg kg^?1) for 2 weeks. After 8 weeks of feeding, survival ranged from 80.11% to 85.65% with no significant difference among the treatments. Hepatopancreas Mg²⁺‐ATPase and Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase activities and muscle content of lipid and protein were not significantly affected by graded levels of Mg. The weight gain and mineral (calcium, potassium, sodium and total phosphorus) content of different tissues were significantly affected by dietary Mg levels, while there were no significant differences in ash and zinc content in tissues. The Mg content in tissues except hepatopancreas was maintained relatively constant regardless of dietary treatments. The dietary Mg requirement for optimal growth was 2.60–3.46 g Mg kg^?1 by using the polynomial regression analysis based on growth.     

Characterization of intake and effluent waters from intensive and semi-intensive shrimp farms in Texas

Two commercial shrimp farms in south Texas were evaluated for influent and effluent water quality from June to October 1994. The intensive farm, Taiwan Shrimp Village Association (TSV) had an average annual yield of 4630 kg ha^?1 while the semi‐intensive farm, Harlingen Shrimp Farm (HSF), had a yield of 1777 kg ha^?1. The study had three objectives: (1) to compare influent and effluent water from the intensive and semi‐intensive shrimp farms, (2) to show which effluent water‐quality indicators exceeded allowable limits, (3) to indicate inherent problems in farms operated with water exchange and summarize how findings from this study led to changes in farms' management that limited potential negative impact on receiving streams. Water samples were collected and analysed twice a week for the TSV farm and once a week for the HSF farm. Samples were analysed for dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, pH, ammonia‐nitrogen (NH₃‐N), nitrite‐nitrogen (NO₂‐N), nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃‐N), total phosphorus (TP), total reactive phosphorus (TRP), five‐day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (cBOD₅), total suspended solids (TSS) and settleable solids (SettSols). Most of the effluent constituents showed fluctuations throughout the sampling period often related to harvest activity. Effluent pH at TSV was lower than influent values but within the regulatory requirements set by Texas Commission of Environmental Quality (TCEQ), formerly known as Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC). HSF effluent pH values were higher than its influent, but still within TCEQ limits. Effluent DO mean levels were generally below the regulatory daily mean requirement, with values at TSV often below those for influent. Effluent nutrient concentrations and net loads were generally higher at the intensive shrimp farm, with NH₃‐N mean concentrations above the daily mean set by the TCEQ on several occasions. Effluent TSS concentrations were higher than influent for both farms, with daily mean values above the TCEQ limit. The two farms presented similar TSS concentrations despite their different stocking densities. However, TSS total net load and net load per hectare were higher at the intensive farm. The semi‐intensive farm presented higher cBOD₅ concentrations and net loads despite its lower stocking density, with daily mean values above the TCEQ limit. The cBOD₅ net load at TSV presented negative values indicating higher load at the influent than at the effluent. Analyses showed no evidence of self‐pollution between influent and effluent at the two farms. The high feed conversion ratio (FCR) values (2.3 and 2.7 for the intensive and the semi‐intensive farm respectively) suggest that better feed management is needed to reduce nutrient and solid net loads release from the two farms. The data obtained from this study resulted in several modifications in design and management of the two farms that reduced the potential negative impact on receiving streams. A brief summary of the improvement in selected effluent water‐quality indicators at the intensive shrimp farm is provided.     

用逆转录多聚酶链式反应从凡纳对虾中检出传染性皮下组织和造血器官坏死病毒

传染性皮下组织和造血器官坏死病毒 (ＩＨＨＮＶ) ,是一种细小病毒 ,它能感染所有起源于中胚层和外胚层的对虾组织细胞[1] 。在许多养殖对虾的国家都有ＩＨＨＮＶ ,特别是中美洲国家和地区[2 ] 的对虾养殖业深受其害。随着各国间对虾贸易的急剧增长 ,ＩＨＨＮＶ地理分布范围日益广泛 ,迄今为止 ,已扩散到中国台湾、新加坡、马来西亚、泰国、印度尼西亚、澳大利亚、菲律宾、厄瓜多尔、秘鲁等国家和地区[2 -4] 。红额角对虾 (Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｓｔｙｌｉｒｏｓｔｒｉｓ)、斑节对虾 (Ｐ .ｍｏｎｏｄｏｎ)、短沟对虾 (Ｐ .ｓｅｍｉｓｕｌｃａｔｕ…     

应用耕水机养殖南美白对虾的试验

为探索一条新的水产养殖途径,该文利用耕水机进行南美白对虾养殖对比试验。在一个养殖周期内对溶解氧、温度、pH值和亚硝酸盐等水环境因子及南美白对虾生长情况、品质和经济效益进行了分析研究。试验结果表明：与非耕水机养殖比较,使用耕水机能够提高水体溶解氧均匀度和温度均匀度,增加池塘溶解氧含量;维持水体pH值在7.6～8.9之间;降低水体亚硝酸盐含量;对虾生长速度快且品质优良;节约耗电量56.9%、饵料15.5%、药费45.4%;提高单位面积产量20.1%。试验和分析结果证明使用耕水机能够改善水体环境,降低养殖成本,增加养殖收入,有较高的实际应用价值。     

应用RT-PCR方法从进境南美白对虾亲虾中检出桃拉综合征病毒(Taura syndrome virus)

应用PCR和RT—PCR技术，对一批进境的南美白对虾亲虾进行了多种病毒性病原的检疫。结果检出桃拉综合征病毒。临床观察也表明，该批亲虾体表散布大量黑色病灶，为TSV感染引起的TS典型病变。     

Effect of culture system on the nutrition and growth performance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) fed different diets

Two 8-week feeding trials were conducted with juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) to compare the growth and performance of animals fed a series of experimental and commercial pelleted shrimp and fish feeds and dietary feeding regimes within an indoor running-water culture system and an outdoor zero-water-exchange culture system. The best overall shrimp growth performance was observed for animals fed the experimental shrimp diet and all-day feeding regime under outdoor zero-water-exchange culture conditions. Final body weight and average weekly growth rate under these conditions were 2.8 and 3.4 times greater, respectively, than animals of similar size fed with the same diet under indoor running-water culture conditions. Although direct comparison between indoor and outdoor culture systems is difficult because of the lower indoor water temperatures, and consequently lower mean daily feed intake of animals, it is believed that the higher growth and feed performance of animals reared under outdoor `green-water' culture conditions was primarily due to their ability to obtain additional nutrients from food organisms endogenously produced within the zero-water-exchange culture system. The most promising features of zero-water-exchange culture systems are that they offer increased biosecurity, reduced feed costs and water use for the farmer, and by doing so provide a potential avenue of moving the shrimp culture industry along a path of greater sustainability and environmental compatibility.     

南美白对虾几丁质酶的分离纯化

采用先“盐析”后“亲和吸附”的方法分离虾几丁质酶,纯化倍数为15.3倍,比活率73.3ImU·mg-1,产品得率50.6％;亲和分离胶为商品化的脱乙酰几丁质经再生后制备而成。方法简单易行适于放大生产。     

白斑综合征病毒与凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群区系之间关系的初步研究

比较了同一养殖池中的感染白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)和未感染WSSV的凡纳滨对虾的肠道菌群,旨在探讨对虾肠道菌群与机体健康状态之间的关系。感染WSSV对虾肠道的细菌总数为1.06×106CFU/尾,显著高于未感染WSSV的对虾(1.78×105CFU/尾;P<0.05),且其肠道中的细菌分别属于弧菌属、气单胞菌属、海水球菌属、盐水球菌属和乳酸杆菌属;染WSSV的对虾(P<0.05),气单胞菌的比例显著的低于感染WSSV的对虾(P<0.05);盐球菌所占的比例两者之间差异不显著。结果显示,两种对虾在肠道菌群组成和细菌组成和细菌数量上存在显著的差异,初步表明对虾肠道菌群区系和机体的健康状态密切相关。     

南美白对虾对东北碱性水域的适应性研究

以虾塘水添加天然碱泡水为实验用水,通过室内急性毒性实验法,研究水环境碱度和pH对淡化南美白对虾幼虾的毒性效应;并对幼虾进行天然碱性水域生存能力实验,以期探讨东北地区碱性水域养殖南美白对虾的可能性。结果表明,水环境pH为7.33~7.41、盐度3.62‰~3.56‰时,碱度对幼虾毒性效应的24hEC50值为2.78mmol/L。水环境pH为7.41~7.62、盐度3.56‰~3.45‰时,碱度对幼虾毒性效应的24h、48h及96hLC50值分别为12.94、11.89及11.65mmol/L,SC值为3.10mmol/L。水环境盐度在3.87‰~6.07‰条件下,碱度为5.37~19.71mmol/L时,pH对幼虾毒性效应的24h、48hLpH50值分别为9.26~8.54和9.14~8.47;碱度在5.37~14.66mmol/L时,pH对幼虾的24h、48h、72h及96hLpH50值分别为9.26~8.98、9.14~8.86、9.10~8.80和9.00~8.80。水环境碱度分别为5.37、10.72、14.66及19.71mmol/L时,幼虾的SpH值分别为8.42、8.23、8.14和7.85。当水环境碱度在25.33~36.42mmol/L时,碱度和pH已先于盐度限制幼虾生存。幼虾在碱度为38.78mmol/L、盐度3.29‰、pH9.41的天然碱性水域可生存5~9h。幼虾对碱度和pH的适应能力不如鲢、鳙、草鱼等淡水鱼类,尚无法适应东北地区高碱度、高pH的碱性水域。