大麦DH群体在耐低氮相关遗传连锁图谱初步构建中的运用

为给大麦耐低氮基因的发掘提供参考,以耐低氮品种BI-04和氮敏感品种BI-45为亲本,用通过花药离体培养方法得到的84个单倍加倍体(DH)后代作为作图群体进行耐低氮性遗传图谱的构建。利用376对SSR引物对亲本BI-04和BI-45进行多态性检测,共筛选出76对多态性引物,多态性频率为20.2%。利用Joinmap 4.0作图软件构建BI-04×BI-45 DH群体分子标记连锁图谱,取LOD>3.0进行分子标记连锁分析,构建了含有7个连锁群、27对标记的分子标记连锁图谱,连锁群总长度为303.6 cM,标记之间的平均遗传距离为11.24 cM。这7个连锁群包含了大麦的7条染色体,为大麦耐低氮的QTL分析奠定了一定的基础。     

大麦遗传多样性及连锁不平衡分析

为了合理评价引进种质资源,为大麦基因发掘及育种组合配置提供依据,选用分布于全基因组的64个SSR标记,对221份大麦材料进行了基因型分析。共检测到192个等位变异,变幅为2~7个;基因频率变异范围为0.0090~0.9729,平均0.3333;全部位点的基因多样性变化范围在0.0528~0.7807,平均0.4813;多态性信息含量(PIC)变异范围在0.0514~0.7464,平均0.4113。供试材料间遗传相似系数变幅为0.4844~0.9792,平均0.7023。221份材料被划分成两大群7个亚群,国内地方品种与1份北京品种为一大群,国内育种品种与所有国外引进品种为另一群。遗传结构分析与聚类结果基本一致,两大类群间的遗传距离为0.3358,且第二大群多样性比第一大群丰富。2016个SSR位点成对组合中,不论共线性组合还是非共线性组合,都存在一定程度的连锁不平衡(LD)。D′统计概率(P<0.01)支持的LD成对位点830个,占全部位点组合的41.2%,D′平均值为0.4,整体LD水平较高。栽培品种的LD水平高于地方品种,且现代遗传改良的目标性状集中于2H、4H、6H和7H染色体。     

Analysis of Disequilibrium Hybridization in Hybrid and Backcross Progenies of Saccharum officinarum × Erianthus arundinaceus

Erianthus arundinaceus is an important, closely related genus of Saccharum officinarum L. It is therefore important to understand how the chromosomes are transmitted when it hybridizes with sugarcane. The hybrids and backcross progenies of S. officinarum and E. arundinaceus and their parents were used for Karyotype analysis and to study the law of chromosome transmission. The results showed that the somatic chromosome number of both of the E. arundinaceus Hainan92-105 and Hainan92-77 were 2n = 60 = 60sm, belonging to type 1 A, and the BC1 YC01-21 was 2n = 104 = 100m ＋ 4sm, belonging to type 2C. The other six tested clones belonged to type 2B. The both F1s YC96-66 and YC96-40 that originated from Badila （2n = 80 = 70m ＋ 10sm） with E. Arundinaceus were 2n = 70 = 68m ＋ 2sm, which suggests an n ＋ n transmission. The cross between YC96-66 （female parent） and CP84-1198 （male parent, 2n = 120 = 114m ＋ 6sm） also followed the same genetic law and the somatic chromosome number of their progeny, YC01-3 （2n = 105 = 95m ＋ 10sm）. The cross derived from YC96- 40 （female） and CP84-1198 （male）, YC01-21 had 2n = 104 = 100m ＋ 4sm chromosomes, following the same genetic law of n ＋ n. However, YC01-36 had 2n = 132 = 130m ＋ 2sm chromosomes, which suggests a 2n ＋ n chromosome transmission. It can be inferred that the inheritance of chromosomes was very complex in the BC1. The difference in chromosome number between clones was as high as 28. This could be explained by the 2n ＋ n transmission of chromosomes. In addition, as there was not be a regular number of haploids, this phenomenon is termed as disequilibrium hybridization.     

The first intraspecific genetic linkage maps of wintersweet [Chimonanthus praecox (L.) Link] based on AFLP and ISSR markers

Wintersweet [Chimonanthus praecox (L.) Link] (n = 11), a dichogamous species, is a famous traditional fragrant flower plant in China. We used AFLPs and ISSR to construct a genetic linkage map on a pseudo-F₂ population of wintersweet derived from a cross between the individuals H4 and H29. A total of 370 polymorphism markers was generated from 12 AFLP primer combinations and 9 ISSR primers. Two separate female and male maps were constructed using 84 female-specific and 51 male-specific testcross markers, respectively. The maternal H4 map included 80 markers ordered in 12 linkage groups; while the paternal H29 map had 47 markers in 8 linkage groups. At a minimum logarithm of the odds (LOD) score of 3.0 and maximum map distance of 50 cM, the female map covered 2417.8 cM, with an average distance of 25.61 cM and maximum map distance of 48.2 cM between two loci. In contrast, the male map covered 1184.2 cM, with an average distance of 25.7 cM and maximum map distance of 49.0 cM between two loci. These genetic maps will serve as a framework for mapping QTLs and provide basic information for future molecular breeding studies.     

Utility of RAPD,ISSR, IRAP and REMAP markers for the genetic analysis of Citrus spp.

The application and informativeness of RAPD, ISSR, IRAP and REMAP markers to study the genetic diversity and relationship among the Citrus and its relative genotypes were investigated. High levels of polymorphism were observed for all four marker systems. The RAPD technique generated the highest number of polymorphic bands and average number of polymorphic band per assay unit. Average limit of the discriminating power was very close to its actual discriminating power of each marker. The highest and the lowest values of effective number of patterns were obtained from the marker REMAP (5.94) and RAPD (4.48), respectively. Correlation between the genetic similarities matrices were estimated from all four markers using the Mantel matrix correspondence test, and results showed significant correlations among the RAPD, ISSR, IRAP and REMAP similarity matrices. The highest correlations were found comparing RAPD and ISSR markers, whereas RAPD and REMAP (r = 0.143) markers were poorly correlated. To assess the usefulness of the overall information provided by these marker data for establishing phylogenetic relationships and Citrus germplasm classification, cluster analysis was performed. All four techniques, solely or in combination, discriminated the genotypes very efficiently and generated a high similarity in dendrogram topologies, although some differences were observed. The linkage analysis was conducted based on the segregation of 38 RAPD, 13 ISSR, 19 IRAP and 9 REMAP loci in 96 progeny of an intergeneric cross Citrus sinensis and Poncirus trifoliata. Among the 81 studied loci 65 loci distributed on five linkage groups. Comparing the result obtained with RAPD, ISSR, IRAP and REMAP markers in this study, IRAP and REMAP proved to be as a reliable molecular marker for fingerprinting, mapping and diversity study of Citrus and its relatives.     

Genetic population structure and fungicide resistance of Botrytis cinerea in pear orchards in the Western Cape of South Africa

Botrytis cinerea isolates from pear blossoms (Pyrus communis) in South Africa were collected from four orchards in two production areas in the Western Cape. The cryptic species status based on vegetative‐incompatibility alleles of the Bc‐hch gene indicated that all the isolates belonged to B. cinerea. A microsatellite analysis of B. cinerea populations was performed to assess the genetic population structure. Total gene diversity (H) was high, with a mean of 0.69 across all populations. Some genotype flow was evident between orchards as indicated by the spread of microsatellite multilocus genotypes, in agreement with the moderate, but significant population differentiation among orchards (mean φ_PT = 0.118, P = 0.001). Index of association analyses (I_A and r?_d) suggest that the populations reproduce mostly asexually, even though mating type distribution did not differ significantly from a 1:1 ratio, suggesting frequency‐dependent selection. Isolates resistant to benomyl were evident in one orchard only. This orchard was also significantly differentiated from all other populations, suggesting infrequent localized selection for benomyl resistance. Overall, the findings of this study highlight the dangers of a mixed reproduction system, and stress the importance of regularly monitoring fungicide resistance levels towards developing more efficient management practices.     

非圆斜齿轮滚切策略与实用模型性能分析

为实现非圆斜齿轮滚切加工,基于5轴联动滚切策略,应用运动学原理推导齿坯附加转动和滚刀附加转动2种方案的基本数学模型;采用工件等弧长、工件等转角和工件等极角3种方法简化该模型,构成6种滚切实现方案及实用模型;采用Matlab软件对6种模型进行五联动轴的(角)速度、(角)加速度动态性能分析,得出加工精度及效率高、动态品质综合性能较好的等弧长齿坯附加转动和等弧长滚刀附加转动2种最佳模型.经滚切试验验证了模型的正确性,齿面测试分析与仿真结论一致.     

同源四倍体的连锁遗传

同源四倍体的遗传比一般二倍体要复杂得多,本文介绍了同源四倍体不同基因型依染色体随机分离、依染色单体随机分离以及完全均衡分离的遗传方式。同时也讨论了“双减数值”以及利用它测定基因与着丝点之间重组值的方法。此外还讨论了测定基因与基因之间重组值的方法。这些对于同源四倍体的遗传育种研究都有重要参考价值。     

连杆外延型曲柄摇杆机构的综合模型设计

为了改进机械锹，本文对它的核心机构—一种连杆外延而形成工作臂的曲柄摇杆机构，进行了结构及运动方面的综合分析。从而建立了该类机构的数学分析模型，并编写了相应的计算程序。由此可拓宽该机构的应用范围和提高其使用效果。