Modeling responses of dryland spring triticale,proso millet and foxtail millet to initial soil water in the High Plains

Dryland farming strategies in the High Plains must make efficient use of limited and variable precipitation and stored water in the soil profile for stable and sustainable farm productivity. Current research efforts focus on replacing summer fallow in the region with more profitable and environmentally sustainable spring and summer crops. In the absence of reliable precipitation forecasts for the crop growing season, farmers rely mainly upon knowledge of plant available water (PAW) in the soil profile at planting for making crop choice decisions. To develop a decision support strategy for crop selection based on initial PAW, experiments were conducted with spring triticale (XTiticosecale Wittmack), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), and foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. Beauv.) under artificially controlled Low, Medium, and High initial PAW levels during 2004 and 2005 at Akron, Colorado, and Sidney, Nebraska. The objectives of this study were to adapt an existing cropping systems model for the simulation of triticale and millet and to evaluate simulations from the adapted model by comparing results with field data collected under varying initial PAW conditions. The Root Zone Water Quality Model with DSSAT v4.0 crop growth modules (RZWQM2) was used. Specifically, the Cropping System Model (CSM)–CERES–Wheat module was adapted for simulating triticale, and CSM–CERES–Sorghum (v4.0) module was adapted for simulating proso millet and foxtail millet. Soil water, leaf area index, grain yield, and biomass data for the highest PAW treatment from one crop season for each of the three crops were used to adapt and calibrate the crop modules. The models were then evaluated with data from the remaining PAW treatments. The proso millet module was further tested with four years of data from a crop rotation experiment at Akron from 2003 to 2006. Simulation results indicated that the adapted and calibrated crop modules have the potential to simulate these new crops under a range of varying water availability conditions. Consequently, these models can aid in the development of decision support tools for the season-to-season management of these summer fallow replacement crops under dryland conditions in semi-arid environments.     

Yield losses of soybean and maize by competition with interseeded cover crops and weeds in organic-based cropping systems

Weed management is a major issue in organic farming systems. Although interseeding cover crops is one alternative to herbicides, cover crops often suppress not only weeds but also main crops. Therefore, using cover crops for weed control without adverse effects on main crop growth is important. To verify the effect of cover crops on competition between main crops, cover crops and weeds in a snowy-cold region, main crops soybean (Glycine max Merr.) in 2005 and maize (Zea mays L.) in 2006 were grown with cover crops winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), respectively. The cover crops were sown on three sowing dates: before main crop planting (Pre-MC), on the same date of main crop planting (Syn-MC) and after main crop planting (Post-MC). A plot without cover crops (Sole-MC) was used as a control. The dry weight (DW), vegetation cover ratio (VCR), vertical community structure and chlorophyll content were measured to estimate the competition between main crops, cover crops and weeds. Weed DW was suppressed significantly by sowing cover crops in both soybean and maize. This weed suppression was associated with the increase of VCR of main crops plus cover crops at the early growth stage of main crops. Soil seed banks of dominant weed also became lower by sowing cover crops, implying the importance of proper weed management for suppressing weeds successively. In addition, the sowing dates of cover crops had large effects on main crops DW especially in maize, i.e., it was significantly lower in Pre-MC and Syn-MC than in Post-MC. Although the cover crop height was markedly shorter than the main crop height, the chlorophyll content of the main crops was significantly lower when cover crops were sown earlier. These results suggest that the growth inhibition of main crops by cover crops was partly caused by competition for nutrients between main crops and cover crops, and this growth inhibition was alleviated when cover crops were sown after the establishment of main crops. Consequently, soybean yield was the highest in Post-MC and decreased by 29%, 18% and 7% in Sole-MC, Pre-MC and Syn-MC, respectively, and maize yield was also the highest in Post-MC and decreased by 68%, 100% and 24% in Sole-MC, Pre-MC and Syn-MC, respectively. It was concluded that weeds could be controlled effectively by sowing cover crops after planting main crops in organic farming systems in a snowy-cold region.     

氮素对小麦不同叶位叶片叶绿素荧光参数的调控效应

为了解氮素对小麦不同叶位叶片光合能量利用的影响,测定和分析了旱地和水地小麦品种在3个氮素水平下不同叶位叶片的叶绿素荧光参数.结果表明,随氮素水平的提高,小麦幼苗叶片最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)和非光化学猝灭系数(qN)都呈上升趋势,而光化学猝灭系数(qP)则呈下降趋势;但旱地品种叶片荧光参数对氮素更敏感,旱地品种小麦幼苗叶片的Fm、Fv、 Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和qN均高于水地品种,qP低于水地品种.旱地和水地品种在不同氮素处理下各叶位叶绿素荧光参数表现不同,光合能量利用随叶位的降低逐渐升高.     

Responses of rice leaf thickness,SPAD readings and chlorophyll a/b ratios to different nitrogen supply rates in paddy field

The objective of this paper was to investigate the influence of different nitrogen (N) application rates to some morphological and physiological features of leaf blades, including leaf thickness, chlorophyll content at different leaf ages and chlorophyll a/b ratios. A paddy field and a cement tank experiments were conducted simultaneously. Rice leaf thickness was measured through a specially developed displacement sensor. Meanwhile, chlorophyll content was estimated using chlorophyll meter (SPAD) and spectrophotometer after ethanol extraction of leaf samples. With the increase of N application, leaf thickness became thinner and chlorophyll a/b ratios decreased. Moreover, the sensitivity of the SPAD readings of the same leaf at different leaf ages to N rates was assessed through coefficients of variation (CV). CV of SPAD readings increased from 8.8% to 21.6% during leaf lifetime, which indicates that SPAD readings became more and more sensitive to nitrogen rates as leaf aged. Therefore, SPAD readings of the lower leaves, which were physiologically older than the upper ones, were more sensitive to nitrogen rates.     

氮肥配置对空育131物质生产与产量的影响

以不同氮肥配置栽培的水稻空育131为材料,测定其干物质生产和产量等的变化。结果表明,供试品种在不同氮肥配置下的群体生长发育情况不同,氮肥在基蘖肥、调节肥、穗肥、粒肥中的比例以75:20:5对空育131的群体茎数动态、叶片氮含量、叶面积及地上干物重有促进作用而明显提高产量。     

叶片结构与柑橘溃疡病抗性的初步研究

以稻叶温州蜜柑[Citrus unshiu(L.)var.Inaba]、春见[(C.reticulata×C.sinensis)var.Okitsu No.44]、卡拉卡拉红肉脐橙[C.sinensis(O.)var.Cara Cara]、玫瑰橙[C.Sinensis var.Meiguicheng]和HB柚[C.grandis(L.)var.HS]等5个柑橘品种的夏梢老熟叶片为材料,采用表皮撕取法及常规石蜡切片法对气孔及叶片显微结构进行解剖构造的观察和测定,并就结构与品种的溃疡病抗性进行了相关性分析.结果表明:不同品种间叶片的气孔密度差异显著,并且与品种抗病性成正相关,其相关系数为0.888;不同品种间叶片的显微结构特征差异不显著,与品种抗病性相关性不显著,品种间变化规律性不强.叶片气孔的密度可作为抗柑橘溃疡病的形态结构的初步鉴定指标.     

惠民短枝富士叶面积测算方法研究

以惠民短枝富士苹果成熟叶片为试材,研究了叶长、叶宽、叶长×叶宽、叶长和叶宽、叶长和叶长×叶宽、叶宽和叶长×叶宽与叶面积的关系.结果表明,叶长、叶宽、叶长×叶宽、叶长和叶宽、叶长和叶长×叶宽、叶宽和叶长×叶宽与叶面积均呈正相关关系.叶长、叶宽、叶长×叶宽与叶面积之间的相关系数分别为0.9625、0.9579、0.9825,叶长和叶宽、叶长和叶长×叶宽、叶宽和叶长×叶宽与叶面积的复相关系数为0.9818、0.9827、0.9827,在0.01水平下达到了极显著水平.在此基础上建立了叶长(x_1)、叶宽(x_2)、叶长×叶宽、叶长和叶宽、叶长和叶长×叶宽、叶宽和叶长×叶宽与叶面积(y)之间的回归方程y=2.4602 x_1+6.8076、y=3.9318x_2+7.6062、y=0.2646x_1x_2+16.31、y=6.328872+1.351x_1+1.951x_2、y=15.6358+0.167x_1+0.247x_1x_2、y=17.14327-0.358x_2+0.288x_1x_2,6个回归方程均可用于测算惠民短枝富士苹果的叶面积,其中以叶长和叶长×叶宽与叶面积的二元回归方程测算结果更为精确.在具体应用中,可根据所要求的精确度进行选择.     

赤霉素对不同光温条件下洋桔梗幼苗生长的影响

对洋桔梗幼苗叶面喷施不同浓度的赤霉素（GA）,分别置于不同光温条件下进行栽培,观测洋桔梗幼苗的生长情况。结果表明：在200-800 mg/L范围GA能促进洋桔梗幼苗茎伸长、增粗,叶面积增大。在同浓度GA水平下,光强1 800 lx、日长24 h、温度25℃条件下洋桔梗幼苗的生长状况比光强600-800 lx、日长13 h、15-17℃条件下好,并以浓度200 mg/L效果最佳。     

南方气候区冬菠菜需水量分析

[目的]研究南方气候区冬菠菜需水量。[方法]设计3种灌水下限指标处理,分别为田间持水量的90％（处理1）、80％（处理2）和70％（处理3）,每个处理设置2个重复,研究不同灌水指标下冬菠菜的需水量。分析了冬季菠菜的需水量ET;采用改进的彭曼公式计算参考作物腾发量E％,进而求出作物系数Kc;利用水面蒸发量玩计算需水系数d;并用ISD法对需水量、产量、作物系数、需水系数和叶面积作多重比较分析。[结果]各处理的需水量无显著性差异,降雨对需水量的影响很大;处理1的产量和叶面积显著大于处理2、3,处理2、3之间无显著差异。[结论]为节约菠菜灌溉用水和合理利用水资源提供科学依据。     

遮阴对烤烟叶片结构和中性致香物质含量的影响

[目的]研究不同光照强度对烟草生长发育和品质的影响,为培育合理的株型、确定适当的栽培密度和烟草品质与生态关系提供科学依据。[方法]以云烟85为供试品种,通过盆栽试验,用遮阴网营造不同的光照环境(覆盖1层遮阴网,约透光50%;覆盖2层遮阴网,约透光25%),研究了遮阴对烤烟叶片结构、光合性状和中性致香物质含量的影响。[结果]随着遮阴程度的增加,烟草叶片组织厚度、光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度降低,而胞间二氧化碳浓度升高,烤后烟叶中性致香物质含量增加。致香物质多为烟草叶片次生代谢产物,而光照对植物次生代谢有重要的调控作用。[结论]遮阴改变了烤烟生长的光照条件,因而影响烟株体内生理代谢和次生代谢产物生成。