Conidial production and viability of Calonectria pseudonaviculata on infected boxwood leaves as affected by temperature,wetness, and dryness periods

Calonectria pseudonaviculata causes lesions on boxwood leaves and twigs. Controlled-environment experiments were conducted to determine the effects of temperature and leaf wetness period on C. pseudonaviculata sporulation on diseased (cv. Suffruticosa) leaves and of dryness periods and high temperature on conidial survival. Infected leaves were incubated in moist chambers and subjected to six temperatures (9, 13, 17, 21, 25, and 29°C) and six leaf wetness periods (0, 12, 24, 40, 48, and 72 h). Spore production was influenced significantly by wetness period, temperature, and their interaction. Increasing duration of leaf wetness and increasing temperature generally increased sporulation, with no sporulation occurring at 29°C or 9 and 13°C, except at 72 h of wetness exposure, while it was optimal at 21°C. Detached leaves with profuse conidia were subjected to a range of drying (relative humidity at 65%) times (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h) at two temperatures of 21 and 29°C. Conidia were then harvested and plated on water agar. Germinating conidia were counted to measure the spore viability. Spore mortality increased with increasing dryness duration at both temperatures but occurred more quickly and severely at 29 than 21°C. Overall, this study extended biological knowledge of conditions required for crucial stages of the C. pseudonaviculata disease cycle and the obtained results will be vital for developing boxwood blight forecasting and management tools.     

Mitigation of vanillic acid-promoted faba bean Fusarium wilt by faba bean–wheat intercropping

Long-term continuous monocropping of faba beans increases the incidence of faba bean wilt, while faba bean–wheat intercropping can effectively control it. This study aimed to understand the underlying mechanism of faba bean–wheat intercropping for the control of Fusarium oxysporum and vanillic acid (VA)-promoted occurrence of faba bean wilt. The occurrence of faba bean wilt was investigated among the monocropped and intercropped plants of faba beans in a field experiment. The contents and types of phenolic acids were examined in the rhizosphere soil. Monocropped and intercropped faba beans were examined under the dual stress of F. oxysporum and different concentrations of VA (0, 50, 100, 200 mg/L) to understand the alleviating mechanism of faba bean–wheat intercropping. Exogenous addition of high concentrations of VA significantly inhibited the growth and reproduction of F. oxysporum, but under the dual stress of F. oxysporum and different concentrations of VA, it significantly inhibited the defence enzymes of faba bean roots, stems, and leaves, and rhizosphere soil enzymes. Interestingly, faba bean–wheat intercropping alleviated VA stress and thereby the incidence and disease index of faba bean Fusarium wilt by improving plant resistance and soil enzyme activity. The dual stress of F. oxysporum and VA promotes the occurrence of Fusarium wilt by damaging the defence system of the faba bean root system and rhizosphere soil environment. However, faba bean–wheat intercropping effectively alleviates the autotoxicity of VA by improving the physiological and biochemical resistance of faba beans and soil enzyme activities, and thus controls the occurrence of Fusarium wilt.     

不同土壤有机碳含量对玉米光合生理及生长发育的影响

采用农田生态系统大田取样的方法,通过棋盘式布点法定点确定样点位置,按不同土壤有机碳含量选取5种有代表性的土壤有机碳T1(2.44 g?kg-1),T2(3.70 g?kg-1),T3(4.95 g?kg-1),T4(6.14 g?kg-1),T5(7.51 g?kg-1),探究不同土壤有机碳(SOC)含量对玉米光合生理...     

伊犁地区5个引种白蜡对干旱胁迫的响应

为探讨伊犁地区5个引种白蜡的抗旱性差异,为区域化推广栽培提供理论依据,以5个3a生引种白蜡苗木为材料,采用盆栽控水试验方法,设置4个水分梯度(CK、T1、T2、T3,田间持水量分别为80％～85％、55％～60％、40％～45％、30％～35％),测定其SOD活性、POD活性、MDA含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量、叶...     

Effects of deltamethrin on hematological parameters and enzymatic activity in Ancistrus multispinis (Pisces, Teleostei)

Deltamethrin (DM) is a pyrethroid insecticide widely used in Brazilian crops and in pest-control programs because of its low environmental persistence and toxicity. It has been shown to exert a wide range of effects on non-targeted organisms including fishes. The aim of this study to evaluate the effects of deltamethrin through the hematological and biochemical parameters using Ancistrus multispinis as animal model. First, blood of A. multispinis was collected by cardiac puncture in order to evaluate the basal values of the total cell counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit rates. A. multispinis showed low number leukocytes, red blood cells and hemoglobin compared to other species. The intoxication with DM (0.1 or 0.3 mg kg⁻¹) induced leukocytosis and increases the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin levels 96 h after the injection when compared to vehicle-injected animals. The injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) also induced a significant leukocytosis and increased the erythrocytes number 4 h after the injection. The combination of the higher dose of DM with LPS showed an additional effect in the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes. The GST and EROD activities were also evaluated in the gills and liver, respectively, 96 h after intoxication with both doses of DM. The GST activity decreased after DM intoxication in both doses while EROD activity was not significantly different. These results suggest that A. multispinis is a valuable model for ecotoxicological studies. Also, DM can affect the metabolizing system (GST) and immunologic system of A. multispinis, a condition that can be worsened in the presence of inflammation or infection.     

Evaluation of propolis effects on some biochemical parameters in rats treated with sodium fluoride

The present study in which 42 female rats, each weighing 200−250 g, were used covered a period of 21 days. The animals were divided into six groups. The first group served as the control group, whereas Group 2 was administered propolis at a dose of 200 mg/kg/bw in drinking water for 21 days. Group 3 was first provided with normal drinking water for a period of 14 days, and was subsequently administered propolis at a dose of 200 mg/kg/bw in drinking water for 7 days. Group 4 was first given normal drinking water for 14 days, and was secondly administered 100 ppm fluoride as a sodium fluoride in drinking water for 7 days. Group 5 was first administered propolis alone at a dose of 200 mg/kg/bw in drinking water for 14 days, and was secondly administered 100 ppm fluoride in association with 200 mg/kg/bw propolis for 7 days. Finally, Group 6 was first provided with normal drinking water for 14 days, and was secondly administered 100 ppm fluoride in association 200 mg/kg/bw propolis for a period of 7 days. At the end of the 21st day, blood samples were collected from the heart of each animal into both heparinised tubes and tubes without anticoagulants. Glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, and uric acid levels, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in the serum, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the plasma, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were measured. When compared to the control group, statistical differences were determined to exist with respect to oxidative stress parameters which involved increase in MDA levels in Groups 4−6, decrease in SOD activity in Groups 4 and 6, increase in CAT activity in Groups 5 and 6, and decrease in GSH-Px activity in Groups 4 and 6. Furthermore, in comparison to the control group, significant differences were observed with respect to certain serum biochemical parameters, including decrease in glucose levels in Groups 5 and 6, decrease in triglyceride levels in Groups 2 and 4, decrease in cholesterol levels in Groups 2 and 5, decrease in the total protein level of Groups 4−6, decrease in the ALT activity of Groups 5 and 6, increase in the AST activity of Group 4, decrease in the ALP activity of Groups 2−6 and increase in the uric acid level of Group 2. In the groups that were administered propolis in association with fluoride, improvement was observed in some oxidative stress parameters and certain other biochemical parameters. Changes determined in the oxidative stress parameters (especially MDA and SOD) were indicative of the anti-radical activity of propolis on the free radicals generated by sodium fluoride. However, the values not drawing completely close to those of the control group can be explained with propolis not being able to completely eliminate the free radicals and the other adverse effects generated by fluoride.     

复合秸秆颗粒饲料生产工艺优化

为了提高牧草类颗粒饲料的生产效率、产品质量和商品化水平,以玉米(Zea mays)秸秆和苜蓿(Medicago sativa)干草为原料(按照质量比1∶1),研究复合秸秆颗粒饲料的最优生产工艺。首先采用单因素试验设计,设置7个总水分含量,分别为8%、 10%、 13%、 16%、 19%、 22%和25%。通过测定复合秸秆颗粒饲料的成型率筛选出较适宜的水分含量。结果表明,随着水分含量的提高,复合秸秆颗粒饲料的成型率呈下降趋势,总水分含量为8%的成型率显著高于其他处理组(P <0.05)。然后采用L₉ (3⁴)设计正交试验,以总水分含量(8%、10%和13%)、原料粉碎粒度(4、6和8 mm)和模孔直径(6、7和9 mm)为影响因素,以成型率、硬度和密度为检测指标,筛选出复合秸秆颗粒饲料的最优生产工艺参数。影响复合秸秆颗粒饲料质量的主次因素为模孔直径>原料粉碎粒度>水分含量;复合秸秆颗粒饲料生产工艺的最优组合为模孔直径7 mm,粉碎粒度8 mm,总水分含量8%。     

干旱胁迫对‘紫叶’狼尾草生长发育及生理特性的影响

以观赏草‘紫叶’狼尾草 Pennisetum setaceum ‘Rubrum’为试验材料,研究不同程度干旱胁迫对其生长发育及叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量、根系活力的影响。结果表明：5％聚乙二醇处理与CK之间,除脯氨酸含量差异显著外,其他生长发育及生理指标差异不显著;10％、20％聚乙二醇处理,紫叶狼尾草株高、分蘖数、根长、地上部鲜重和干重、地下部鲜重和干重以及根系活力较5％聚乙二醇处理、CK明显降低,叶绿素含量显著下降,而脯氨酸、丙二醛含量显著增加,但是紫叶狼尾草的生长发育尚未出现枯萎状态。综合而言,紫叶狼尾草具有很强的抗旱性,能承受一定程度的干旱胁迫。     

5种屋顶绿化植物抗旱性研究

对应用于屋顶绿化的5种园林植物的抗旱性进行研究,分析了不同水分胁迫条件下,5种植物的叶片相对电导率、叶片相对含水量、叶绿素荧光、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度等变化趋势。结果表明：随着水分胁迫强度的增大,5种植物的叶片相对电导率呈上升趋势,叶片相对含水量、叶绿素荧光、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度呈下降趋势,但不同植物的抗旱生理指标变化幅度不尽相同。主成分分析结果表明,综合抗旱能力强弱为小蚌兰>铺地锦>假花生>马缨丹>南美蟛蜞菊;叶片相对含水量是评价水分胁迫最重要的指标,其次为相对电导率。     

不同引进白蜡品种光合日变化

【目的】研究新疆伊犁地区不同引种白蜡光合特性的差异,分析生理生态因子对光合特性的影响,为伊犁地区优良白蜡引种和选育及区域化栽培提供科学依据。【方法】采用Li-6400XT光合仪,测定新疆伊犁地区自然条件下8种3年生引种白蜡(鲁蜡1号、2号、3号、4号、5号、6号、红叶白蜡、金叶白蜡)苗木的光合日变化,以相同年份大叶白蜡作为对照,分析不同生理生态因子与光合特性的关系。【结果】引进的8个白蜡品种除金叶白蜡外均表现出了比本地大叶白蜡更优的光合特性,不同品种净光合速率(Pn)呈单峰或双峰曲线;各品种Pn受不同生理生态因子影响,其中气孔导度(Gs)为大部分品种最主要的影响因子,与胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)负相关,与光合有效辐射(PAR)、相对湿度(RH)呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著相关(P<0.01)。【结论】8个引进白蜡品种均表现出了较好的光合特性,尤以鲁蜡3号、6号最佳,在伊犁地区的光合适应性最强。